AUTHOR=Yoshimoto Rei , Nakagawa Shinichi 

TITLE=SINE-derived short noncoding RNAs: their evolutionary origins, molecular mechanisms, and physiological significance

JOURNAL=Frontiers in RNA Research

VOLUME=1

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rna-research/articles/10.3389/frnar.2023.1257775

DOI=10.3389/frnar.2023.1257775

ISSN=2813-7116

ABSTRACT=<p>Short Interspersed Elements (<italic>SINE</italic>s) comprise a significant portion of the genomes of higher eukaryotes, including humans and mice. This review focuses on <italic>SINE</italic>-derived noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly <italic>BC1</italic>, <italic>BC200</italic>, and <italic>4.5SH</italic> RNA, which are expressed abundantly and in a species-specific manner. These ncRNAs seem to have independently evolved their functions during evolutionary processes: <italic>BC1</italic> and <italic>BC200</italic> have become cytoplasmic translation inhibitors, while <italic>4.5SH</italic> RNA has developed into a nuclear ncRNA that regulates splicing. This review delves into the unique roles of these ncRNAs, with a special emphasis on the recently discovered splicing regulation function of <italic>4.5SH</italic> RNA. Furthermore, we discuss their evolutionary trajectories and potential implications for understanding the complexities of gene regulation.</p>