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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Reprod. Health
Sec. Assisted Reproduction
Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/frph.2025.1509710
Influencing factors of three pronuclei incidence and their impact on pregnancy outcomes in women with good prognosis undergoing conventional in vitro fertilization with donor sperm: a retrospective cohort study
Provisionally accepted- Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xian, China
This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of three pronuclei (3PN) zygote incidence and their impact on pregnancy outcomes in women with good prognosis undergoing conventional in vitro fertilization with donor sperm (C-IVFD).Methods: This retrospective study included women aged 35 years or younger who underwent the long/ultra-long follicular phase agonist protocol between January 2014 and January 2021. C-IVFD cycles were divided into the 3PN = 0% group (no 3PN zygotes) and the 3PN > 0% group (with 3PN zygotes). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing 3PN zygote incidence. The primary outcomes were clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, abortion and live birth rates. The secondary outcomes were cleavage, high-quality embryo, available embryo, implantation and ectopic pregnancy rates.Results: 1250 embryo transfer cycles were included in this study. The peak estradiol (E2) level on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration (OR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.12-1.19, p < 0.001) and the number of retrieved oocytes (OR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.11, p < 0.001) were independently associated with 3PN incidence. Compared to the 3PN > 0% group, the 3PN = 0% group exhibited significantly higher ongoing pregnancy rates (p = 0.033) and live birth rates (p = 0.009), as well as lower abortion rate (p = 0.026). No significant differences were found between the 3PN = 0% and 3PN > 0% groups in cleavage, high-quality embryo, available embryo, implantation and ectopic pregnancy rates (p > 0.05).The peak E2 level on hCG administration day and the number of retrieved oocytes were independently associated with 3PN incidence. The incidence of 3PN zygotes has a negative impact on pregnancy outcomes in women with good prognosis undergoing C-IVFD.
Keywords: three pronuclei, conventional in vitro fertilization, Donor sperm, Infertility, pregnancy outcomes, live birth rate
Received: 11 Oct 2024; Accepted: 26 Feb 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Sun, Liu, Shi and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Mingzhao Li, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xian, China
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