Global Burden and Risk Factors of Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias from 1990 to 2021: A Global Analysis Based on GBD 2021 Data Authors

Xia Jiang^1*Lina Zhang¹¹Yan Jiao²¹Gang Liu²

• ¹Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
• ²Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University,, chongqing, China

The objective of this study is to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the disease burden of early-onset Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (EOADOD) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (LOADOD), and to analyze the temporal changes and regional distribution differences of the attributable risk factors for LOADOD and EOADOD, providing a basis for public health strategies for ADOD.Data were sourced from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, and the burden of ADOD was assessed using three primary indicators: age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (ASDR). Temporal trends in incidence, mortality, and DALYs were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model (JRM) and average annual percent change (AAPC). The study was conducted separately for EOADOD and LOADOD, and the associations between the outcome variables and major risk factors, including high fasting plasma glucose, high body mass index, and smoking, were examined.From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of ADOD increased significantly, with a more pronounced rise in LOADOD compared to EOADOD. Females exhibited higher incidence, mortality, and DALYs than males. The burden of ADOD varied by region, with LOADOD being more prominent in high-SDI regions and EOADOD more significant in middle-SDI regions. High fasting plasma glucose had the most substantial impact on both forms of ADOD, followed by high body mass index and smoking as major risk factors.In response to the growing global burden of ADOD, targeted interventions should be developed based on the epidemiological characteristics of LOADOD and EOADOD, taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors of different population groups to address the increasing challenges posed by the rising ADOD burden.