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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1543450
This article is part of the Research Topic Molecular Pathogenesis of Enteroviruses: Insights into Viral-Host Interactions, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Microbiome Dynamics View all 5 articles
Epidemiological Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Reinfection Cases in Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China, 2009-2023
Provisionally accepted- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) reinfection and its influencing factors in Jiulongpo District from 2009-2023 to provide targeted prevention and control recommendations for key factors. Methods HFMD cases in Jiulongpo District of Chongqing were derived from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention from 2009 to 2023. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD reinfection, spatial autocorrelation to analyze the regional clustering, and binary logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors. Results From 2009 to 2023, 4,764HFMD reinfection cases involving 2,436 individuals were reported in Jiulongpo District, with a reinfection rate of 5.48%. The interval between the two infections ranged from 26 to 3,863 days, and 71.51% of patients were reinfected within 2 years. There was a bimodal distribution in time (April-July and October-November). In the population, the reinfection rate was 5.87% in males and 4.93% in females, 3.97% in scattered children and 7.89% in kindergarten children, 8.61% in children >3 years old, and 4.68% in children ≤3 years old. There was a spatial positive correlation of HFMD reinfection in Jiulongpo District, with hot spots concentrated in the rural area and cold spots in the urban area. The multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that reinfection risk was higher in non-epidemic years, kindergarten children, rural areas, >3 years old, and kindergarten children (P < 0.05). Conclusion Post-epidemic prevention and control measures should prioritize interventions to target reinfection, focusing on children in rural areas and kindergartens. Improve rural infrastructure and sanitation, raise disease awareness in kindergartens, train healthcare workers, and promote hygiene to reduce HFMD reinfection.
Keywords: Hand, Foot and mouth disease, Reinfection, Epidemiological characteristics, spatial autocorrelation, Influencing factors
Received: 11 Dec 2024; Accepted: 05 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhou, Yao, Long and Deng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Chunyan Deng, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China
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