ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Aging and Public Health
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1542921
This article is part of the Research TopicDisparities, controversies and unmet needs in the management of cardiomyopathiesView all 3 articles
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis and its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990 to 2021: Updated Systematic Analysis
Provisionally accepted
Jiajia Ren
Wanyuan LiuXuting JinChuchu ZhangXi XuGuorong DengXiaoming GaoJiamei Li
Ruohan LiXiaoling Zhang
Yanli Hou
Gang Wang*- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Background: Comprehending the current epidemiological trends and risk factors of myocarditis is crucial for guiding future targeted prevention and treatment strategies.Methods: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we conducted a secondary analysis of the incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of myocarditis by sex, age group and sociodemographic index (SDI) across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. And non-optimal temperatures, defined as same-day exposure to ambient temperatures deviating from the minimum death risk threshold, were identified as risk-factors for myocarditis-related death and DALYs.Results: From 1990 to 2021, the global prevalence of myocarditis increased from 320,623 (95% uncertainty interval: 268,557 to 371,912) to 505,030 (432,295 to 587,819). Concurrently, the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) per 100,000 people also saw a slight increase (no statistical significance) from 6.35 (5.37 to 7.36) to 6.41 (5.48 to 7.44). However, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), agestandardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASYR) exhibited declines, with estimated annual percentage changes of -0.20 (-0.23 to -0.17), -1.37 (-1.81 to -0.92) and -1.71 (-1.95 to -1.46), respectively. SDI quintile analysis showed that the high SDI quintile had the highest ASIR and ASPR, while the middle and highmiddle SDI quintiles exhibited the highest ASDR and ASYR. Furthermore, the burden of myocarditis was notably high among males and elder populations. Non-optimal temperature, particularly low temperature, emerged as a key risk factor for myocarditisrelated ASDR and ASYR.Although the ASIR, ASDR and ASYR for myocarditis exhibited decreasing trends from 1990 to 2019, further efforts are needed to develop targeted public health strategies, especially for low SDI regions, males, and elderly populations.
Keywords: Myocarditis, Global burden of disease, Incidence, Prevalence, death, Disability-adjusted life years
Received: 16 Dec 2024; Accepted: 11 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Ren, Liu, Jin, Zhang, Xu, Deng, Gao, Li, Li, Zhang, Hou and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Gang Wang, Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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