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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Public Health
Sec. Environmental Health and Exposome
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1526325
This article is part of the Research Topic Human Health Affected by Changing Ecological Environment in the Rapid Urbanization View all articles

A mediation analysis of meteorological factors on the association between ambient carbon monoxide and tuberculosis outpatients visits

Provisionally accepted
Tianfeng He Tianfeng He 1Xujun Qian Xujun Qian 2Jing Huang Jing Huang 3Guoxing Li Guoxing Li 3Xinbiao Guo Xinbiao Guo 3*
  • 1 Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
  • 2 Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
  • 3 School of Public Health, Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Ambient carbon monoxide (CO) exposure has been identified as an emerging environmental risk factor contributing to the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). However, the epidemiological evidence remains inconsistent. This study aims to investigate the short-term association between low-level CO exposure and PTB outpatient visits in a developing region.We conducted a time-series study utilizing a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) combined with mediating effect analysis,based on daily CO and PTB cases from 2011 to 2020 in Ningbo, China.Results: Among all patients with PTB, a 0.1 mg/m 3 increase in CO concentration was associated with an increased risk of PTB outpatient visits in the single-pollutant model,particularly at lag days 2-6. The maximum relative risk (RR) was 1.091 (95%CI: 1.020-1.168, lag 0-2 days). Similarly, the maximum cumulative lag effect of CO exposure was 1.781 (RR=1.781, 95%CI: 1.157-2.742, lag 0-15 days). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect of CO exposure in males(RR=1.090, 95%CI:1.009-1.777, lag 0-3 days), females(RR=1.101,95%CI: 1.014-1.195, lag 0-3 days),younger individuals (RR=1.097, 95%CI: 1.022-1.178, lag 0-2 days), and during the warm season (RR=1.012, 95%CI: 1.002-1.022, lag 0-4 days). Mediation analysis indicated that temperature had an indirect mediating effect on association between CO and PTB (-0.0065,95%CI: -0.0130 to -0.0004), while air pressure, visibility, and humidity showed no significant mediating effects.Our findings indicate that ambient CO exposure,even at low levels,has a short-term impact on PTB in developing regions. Temperature plays a partial mediating role in this relationship.Consequently, it is critical to enhance environmental monitoring and early warning systems to effectively address the prevalence of PTB and the delays in health-seeking behavior.

    Keywords: Tuberculosis, Carbon Monoxide, Short-term exposure, Mediation analysis, Health

    Received: 11 Nov 2024; Accepted: 03 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 He, Qian, Huang, Li and Guo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Xinbiao Guo, School of Public Health, Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, Beijing Municipality, China

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