ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Public Mental Health
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1526166
This article is part of the Research TopicNew Insights into Social Isolation and Loneliness, Volume IIView all 10 articles
Community-level determinants of loneliness and social isolation: A population-based cohort study across younger and older adults
Provisionally accepted
- 1School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- 2Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 3National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- 4Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- 5School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Introduction: Loneliness and social isolation (SI) are critical public health issues with well-documented effects on health and well-being. However, much of existing observational and intervention research has focused predominantly on individual- and interpersonal-level factors. This longitudinal study addresses significant knowledge gaps by comprehensively examining the independent influence of multiple community-level determinants on loneliness and SI and uniquely comparing these effects across younger (18-30 year) and older (60+ years) adults within an Australian population cohort over a 12-year period. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we analysed data from four wave pairs (2006/07, 2010/11, 2014/15, 2018/19) to investigate associations between loneliness and SI and nine community and neighbourhood-level variables. We employed lagged mixed-effects Poisson regression models to calculate risk ratios (RR) adjusted for individual- and interpersonal-level factors. Results: Our findings reveal that low community engagement is the strongest risk factor for loneliness and SI in both younger (Loneliness, RR=1.34; SI, RR=1.58) and older populations (Loneliness, RR=1.35; SI=2.02). Low neighbourhood social cohesion was found to significantly increase loneliness and SI in older adults (Loneliness, RR=1.15; SI, RR=1.36) and to increase SI in younger adults (RR=1.54). We also observed distinct age-specific effects, with cultural practices, altruism, and perceived neighbourhood safety having differential impacts across age groups. Discussion: Our findings highlight the critical need for community-level interventions to address loneliness and SI, suggesting that focusing solely on individual- related factors is insufficient. Tailoring public health strategies to enhance community dynamics may be essential in reducing loneliness and SI among vulnerable populations, particularly in areas with low social cohesion and community engagement offerings.
Keywords: Loneliness, Social Isolation, Public Health, Community-level, Longitudinal
Received: 11 Nov 2024; Accepted: 22 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Meehan, Clare, Grunseit and Merom. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Drew Eleanor Meehan, School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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