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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Public Health Education and Promotion
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1399336
COVID-19 Vaccine Information Disorder in Chile: A Quantitative Analysis of Fact-Checked Articles
Provisionally accepted- 1Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region (RM), Chile
- 2Faculty of Communications, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 3Center for Cancer Prevention and Control, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region (RM), Chile
- 4Other, Santiago, Chile
- 5Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Introduction: Previous studies have analyzed information disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on common characteristics such as content formats, recurring themes, and information dissemination networks. However, in the Latin American region, there is still a gap in studying the specific characteristics of this phenomenon during the COVID-19 vaccination process, as in the Chilean case. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main characteristics of information disorder circulating in Chile during the COVID-19 vaccination process, considering key topics, actors, and media platforms involved. Methods: We conducted a quantitative content analysis of a dataset of 140 fact-checking articles related to COVID-19 vaccination, sourced from MalaEspina and FastCheck, from March 2020 to December 2022. Results: We identified the primary characteristics of information disorders that circulated in Chile concerning the COVID-19 vaccination process. Our main findings indicated that information disorder focused on disinformation intended to cause harm through deception. The primary format used was visual and distributed across various platforms. Discussion and Conclusion: We conclude that studying information disorder in specific topics, such as vaccination, is important to understand the phenomenon better and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on society.
Keywords: information disorder, Vaccination Process, COVID-19, fact-checking, Vaccines, Vaccine hesitancy
Received: 18 Jul 2024; Accepted: 09 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Cruz, Schulz, Arriagada, Montero and Kalergis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Alexis M Kalergis, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Santiago Metropolitan Region (RM), Chile
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.