Mojtaba Keikha ^1* Mostafa Dianati ^2,3 Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi ⁴ Motahar Heidari-Beni ⁵

• ¹ Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Kerman, Iran
• ² School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• ³ Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands, Netherlands
• ⁴ Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
• ⁵ Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased worldwide in recent decades. Childhood obesity is associated with serious health problems and the risk of premature illness and death later in life [1,2]. Obesity is linked to cardiometabolic risk factors, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, all of which can lead to cardiometabolic diseases. Several and important risk factors such as low physical activity, sedentary behaviors, increased screen time activity and high fast-food intake, all lead to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents [3,4].In restricted condition such as COVID-19 pandemic, due to physical distancing, school or university closing and other preventive consideration, all potential mentioned risk factors may be more vulnerable or accessible. Many studies in COVID-19 pandemic period, show that during this condition children have become more obese, have been less physically active, have had more screen time activity [5,6].Undeniably in foreseeable future, world may be encounter with a restricted condition such as Covid-19 and community should be ready for a clear and best action. Since many healthy and unhealthy habits are formed during childhood and adolescence, and many of these habits are irreversible, the current Research Topic entitled "Interventions to Prevent or Reduce Unhealthy Habits in Children and Adolescents during Restricted Conditions" was initiated and aimed to suggest new and novel strategies to modify vulnerable condition.In the first article of this Research Topic, Nicholas Kuzik et al, tried to update a comprehensive national assessment of physical activity and related behaviors, characteristics, and opportunities for children and youth (ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth) in Covid-19 period. Research team captured best available physical activity data during the whole COVID-19 pandemic was synthesized across 14 different indicators in four categories. They conclude that During the COVID-19 pandemic, the grade for overall physical activity decreased from a D+ (2020) to a D, coinciding with decreases in grades reflecting fewer opportunities for sport and community/facility-based activities as well as higher levels of sedentary behaviors. Fortunately, improvements in Active Transportation and Active Play during COVID-19 prevented a worse shift in children's health behaviors.In another research Liang Li et al, assessed mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between family functioning and problematic Internet pornography use (PIPU). Result showed that self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between family functioning and PIPU. The authors concluded that for adolescents with high belonging needs who are at high risk for PIPU, good family functioning may have a protective effect by boosting self-esteem.Friedrich Barsch et al, tried to response to the question that whether boarding schools for sports particularly pose a risk of infection to the students? They found that in a single-center prospective cohort study and regarding Covid-19 infection numbers, the screening detected no significant group difference between sports boarding schools vs. day schools. Their results provide indications that sports boarding schools did not pose an increased risk of infection, assuming that the facilities prevent virus transmissions with appropriate preventive strategies and hygiene measures.Byungchan Lee et al, examined the relationship between the playfulness experienced during the early morning exercise of middle school students and their physical self-efficacy and education for happiness. reported that playfulness of the middle school had a significant effect on physical self-efficacy and significant effect on education for happiness. In another study in this Research Topic, David Major et al, examine changes in screen time and its components (screen time spent on videos, games, homework, and other activities) of adolescents affected by COVID-19 school closures compared to controls from pre-pandemic years. They reported that COVID-19-related school lockdowns modified the age-specific increase in screen time for boys and girls as well and increase it.Yao Yin et al, observed on the study that explores the relationship between perceived school climate and exercise behavior among obese adolescents that perceived school climate among obese adolescents positively predicted exercise behavior and obese adolescents' perception of school climate can effectively enhance their motivation to participate in exercise behavior and indirectly influence exercise behavior through exercise benefits and perseverance qualities In the next paper Stefan Irschik et al, assessed changes in BMI and weight development in children during and (in particular) after the COVID-19 restrictions in Austria. They report the rate of obesity increased by 88.5%, from 6.4 to 12.1%, throughout the pandemic, reaching a maximum of 15.2% during the restrictions. With the exception of obese children, all children in the study population experienced significant weight loss after the restrictions were lifted. Obese children continued to gain weight without any sign of the onset of normalization. In another attempt, Jacksaint Saintila et al, tried to determine the association between social network addiction (SNA) and anxiety symptoms with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. The authors conclude that SNA and the presence of anxiety symptoms were associated with MetS.In a survey conducted by Yufei Qi et al, research team aim to determine the mediating role played by school-based rope skipping sports participation (SRSP) in the connection between social support and moderate to high-intensity physical activity (MVPA). They conducted a survey involving 721 adolescents residing in Changsha City and found that significant influence of the interaction between increased participation in and social support on school children's engagement in MVPA. In an open-label randomized control trial by Nimran Kaur et al, assessed the effectiveness of the program to lower unwanted media screen time (PLUMS) among children aged 2-5 years in Chandigarh, Union Territory, North India. They found that PLUMS intervention significantly reduced the children's mean ST on a typical day and increased the physical activity immediately post-intervention and during the 6-month follow-up period.Yuxin Wang et al, in their study to assess the relationship between parental anxiety and adolescent internet addiction showed that family environment and adolescent emotional behavior issues played an indirect relationship in the link between parental anxiety and internet addiction. Their findings emphasize the importance of addressing parental anxiety and fostering a positive family environment as effective measures to alleviate adolescent emotional behavior problems and reduce the risk of internet addiction. In a web-based survey by Hao Yuan et al, authors evaluate parental knowledge of myopia control and explore their change under the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. They show that pandemic of COVID-19 has obviously changed children's daily routine. More efforts should be made to narrow the gap between knowledge and behaviors of myopia control, and stay alert to the potential increased risk of myopia during COVID-19.Katherine Jochim Pope et al, on a study to identify community settings and intervention strategies to prioritize for an intervention promoting healthy weight in rural preschool children report that priority intervention strategies included providing nutrition and physical activity education, increasing access to healthy foods and physical activity in the built environment, and enhancing food security and their finding will be useful to development of a multi-level community-based intervention. Last but not least, the final article in this Research Topic was done by Young-Ran Lee et al, to explore how early childhood teachers (ECTs) can improve their personal resilience to adapt to and overcome disasters as part of early childhood education and care. According to their finding general disaster preparedness must be improved, followed by developing strategies to strengthen their resilience and work-related disaster preparedness.To conclude, the articles included in this Research Topic points out the importance of prevention the risk factors for obesity in child and adolescents and also highlight the burden of the obesity in some restricted condition such as Covid-19 pandemic. To prevent and act in future to this issue, we need a planning and program at the family, community, school or university levels.