Lydia Kastner ^1,2* Ulrike Sünkel ^2,3* Anna-Katharina von Thaler ^4,5 Gerhard Wilhelm Eschweiler ^2,6 Theresa Dankowski ^4,7 Christian Mychajliw ^2,6 Kathrin Brockmann ^5,8 Sebastian Heinzel ^4,7* Ansgar Thiel ^1,10,9*

• ¹ Institute for Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ² Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ³ German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
• ⁴ Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University, Kiel, Germany, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
• ⁵ Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ⁶ Geriatric Center, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ⁷ Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University, Kiel, Germany, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
• ⁸ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ⁹ Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
• ¹⁰ LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Social isolation is a main risk factor for loneliness, health issues and psychological diseases. With its restriction measures, the coronavirus pandemic has led to an objective reduction in meaningful interactions, communication, and social contacts in general (social isolation). However, it has been shown that older adults cope differently with social isolation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the changes of social contacts of older adults over the pandemic period of four years. For this purpose, N = 175 older adults (Mage = 72.60, SDage = 6.12 years, Mdnage = 72, Range: 60 -87 years) were asked at 3 time points (2019, 2021, 2023) with how many people they had contact in the reference month (May, November). In addition to the number of contacts, participants were also asked about the type of the relationship (e.g., family, friends, neighbors), the type of contact (e.g., telephone, video conference and/or by written messages) and the emotional closeness (close, medium, low). We used an ego-centered "social network" circle to measure social contacts of older adults before, during and after the pandemic. The data collection was limited by the changing corona restrictions. Results indicate that behavior in social contacts essentially depends on age, gender, and level of depression. We found a clear temporal drop in social contacts independently of age and gender during the pandemic. After the pandemic close contacts did not recover to prepandemic level. Especially, Young-Old (< 72 years) recovered less in terms of the number of social contacts than the Old-Old (>= 72 years). Our study, thus, provides longitudinal insights into the course of social contacts and suggests that social isolation may have more negative and long-term impact on close contacts, which need further clarification and temporal extension.