AUTHOR=Xie Kaidi , Zhang Yang , Zhang Mei , Wu Hao , Zheng Luyao , Ji Jiahao , Li Zhen , Wang Wen , Zhang Tong 

TITLE=Association of vitamin D with HIV infected individuals, TB infected individuals, and HIV-TB co-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344024

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344024

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a worldwide disease. VDD is also associated with an increased risk of HIV-related comorbidities and mortality, and patients have a tendency to develop active tuberculosis compared to those with latent tuberculosis infection. Vitamin D supplementation may modulate HIV replication, improve TB inflammation and reduce progression of HIV-TB co-infection.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>We meta-analyzed individual participant data from cohort studies, cross-sectional study, and RCTs of vitamin D in HIV group, TB group, and HIV-TB group. The primary outcomes were differences in vitamin D level and VDD prevalence between three groups, the secondary outcomes were CD4 count, HIV viral load, time to sputum smear conversion, time to culture conversion, relapse, morality, and TB score.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>For vitamin D levels, the overall mean difference (MD) between HIV group and TB group was −0.21 (95% CI, −20.80–20.38; <italic>p</italic> = 0.9, <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 84%), HIV group and HIV-TB group was 0.87 (95% CI, −11.45–13.20; <italic>p</italic> = 0.89, <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 87%), and TB group and HIV-TB group was 1.17 (95% CI, −5.21–7.55; <italic>p</italic> = 0.72, <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 85%). For vitamin D deficiency prevalence, the overall odds ratio (OR) for HIV group versus TB group was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.46–3.31; <italic>p</italic> = 0.68; <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 70%), HIV group versus HIV-TB group was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.03–2.29; <italic>p</italic> = 0.04; <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 0%), and TB group versus HIV-TB group was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.61–1.20; <italic>p</italic> = 0.36; <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 22%). In HIV-TB group, the overall OR for vitamin D group versus placebo group was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.34–1.67; <italic>p</italic> = 0.52; <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 60%).</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our findings indicated that there were no variations in vitamin D levels between three groups. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in the HIV-TB group than in the HIV group. Additionally, the administration of vitamin D supplements did not have obvious impact on CD4 count and viral load. Likewise, vitamin D had no effect on time to sputum smear conversion, time to culture conversion, relapse, 12-month morality, and TB score.</p></sec>