Hanna Schrader1*†
Jessica Ruck1*†Gábor Borgulya1
Sandra Parisi1Jana Ehlers-Mondorf2Hanna Kaduszkiewicz2Stefanie Joos3Anna Grau4
Klaus Linde5
Ildikó Gágyor1- 1Department of General Practice, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- 2Institute of General Practice, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- 3Institute for General Practice and Interprofessional Care, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- 4Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- 5Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Background: At the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, healthcare assistants in general practices were confronted with numerous new challenges. The aim of the study was to investigate the stress factors of healthcare assistants in March/April 2020 as well as in the further course of the pandemic in 2020.
Methods: From August to December 2020, 6,300 randomly selected healthcare assistants in four German states were invited to participate in the study. We performed a mixed methods design using semi-structured telephone interviews and a cross-sectional survey with quantitative and open questions. The feeling of psychological burden was assessed on a 6-point likert-scale. We defined stress factors and categorized them in patient, non-patient and organizational stress factors. The results of the three data sets were compared within a triangulation protocol.
Results: One thousand two hundred seventy-four surveys were analyzed and 28 interviews with 34 healthcare assistants were conducted. Of the participants, 29.5% reported experiences of a very high or high feeling of psychological burden in March/April 2020. Worries about the patients’ health and an uncertainty around the new disease were among the patient-related stress factors. Non-patient-related stress factors were problems with the compatibility of work and family, and the fear of infecting relatives with COVID-19. Organizational efforts and dissatisfaction with governmental pandemic management were reported as organizational stress factors. Support from the employer and team cohesion were considered as important resources.
Discussion: It is necessary to reduce stress among healthcare assistants by improving their working conditions and to strengthen their resilience to ensure primary healthcare delivery in future health crises.
1. Introduction
The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020, we will refer to this as the “Corona pandemic” hereafter (1). Numerous studies have examined the stress experience of hospital staff during the first wave of the pandemic in March–April 2020 (2–4). In Germany, the majority of COVID-19 patients was treated by primary care physicians (5). Further, healthcare assistants (HCAs) in primary care practices have played a key role in the pandemic management and have contributed significantly to relieving the outpatient sector during the pandemic. HCAs support physicians in the examination and treatment of patients. They are also responsible for patients’ appointment management, organization of practice procedures, performing billing for health insurance services and laboratory activities. For patients, they are often the first point of contact when problems arise. In contrast to healthcare workers in other countries, HCAs have more an assisting and managing function (6, 7). It is well known that health professions are considered to be highly stressful (8) and the pandemic has promoted the emergence of new stressors and the reinforcement of existing stressors. Previous studies reported a great impact of the pandemic on stress experiences, mental health and well-being of healthcare workers by high levels of anxiety, burnout, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (9). Winefield et al. defined three sources of stress among healthcare professionals: patient-related (e.g., patient care), non-patient-related (e.g., relationships at work, work-life-balance) and organizational sources of stress (e.g., paperwork, support) (10). The sources are related to negative stress experiences, intentions to quit work and negative health effects (8, 10). During the pandemic an acute increase of the already significant shortage of HCAs was reported. According to a survey conducted by the German association of HCAs at the beginning of 2022 among 3,900 HCAs, almost half of them repeatedly considered to give up their profession (11–13). Although the shortage of HCAs is a known health politics problem affecting primary care, their situation has received little scientific attention. While the nursing staff in hospitals often received increased appreciation from the public and policy makers during the pandemic, HCAs in outpatient care were hardly considered (14). Similarly, in ambulatory primary care, the focus of research has generally been the physician sector, while the HCA sector has often been left out completely. International studies looking at the stress experience of primary care health workers showed that they did not feel optimally prepared for the pandemic (15). In this context, it was also reported that primary care nurses felt stressed and overwhelmed. In particular, the lack of protective equipment and the associated anxiety in the workplace were among the stress factors (15, 16). While other healthcare workers were able to work remotely, German HCAs could rarely work from home. Both settings, remote and practice work, showed many stressors and contributed to distress (17). Hence, working in general practices comes along with a risk of infection and the fear of passing the virus to relatives (15, 16). A systematic review identified several occupational risk factors for psychological distress. For example, a high-risk work environment, a lack of specific training and work experiences as well as a lack of social support and stigmatization fostered the development of stress (18). Furthermore, the authors mentioned that resilience, social support and adaptive coping strategies had a protective influence on healthcare workers’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic (9) as well as during past infectious disease outbreaks like SARS or MERS (19).
In Germany, other healthcare professions have been focused in research, while HCAs’ stress experiences in pandemic have received little scientific attention. The aim of this study was to explore the occupational stress factors of German HCAs in general practices (GPs) during the initial phase of the pandemic in March/April 2020, when Germany was in lockdown for the first time (20) and during the months afterwards (August–December 2020). Specifically, we aimed to explore the psychological burden of HCAs and to identify patient related, non-patient related and organizational sources of stress. We also wanted to explore HCAs’ individual coping strategies and resources that helped them to deal with the pandemic situation. Our results can support therein to identify approaches to build up resilience of HCAs and find recommendations for policy in the context of future health crises.
2. Methods
2.1. Study design
This mixed methods study consisted of a survey, with both structured and open-ended questions, as well as qualitative telephone interviews. We simultaneously collected quantitative and qualitative data from August 2020 until December 2020. While the results of the quantitative and qualitative survey data have not been reported before, the results of the telephone interviews have been published (21). We thus analyzed the qualitative telephone interviews in the sense of the new research question in addition to the survey data aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the burdening experience of HCAs during the pandemic in 2020. We compared the results of all three data sets within a triangulation protocol, using the same methodology as used in a similar study (22). We used methodological data and investigator triangulation to improve the validity of our results (23). An overview of the triangulation process is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Process of data collection, extraction, analysis and triangulation.
2.2. Study population and recruitment
The study population consisted of 6,300 GPs in four federal states in Germany (for details see Supplementary material S1). When planning the study, incidence rates varied largely, with Southern Germany experiencing far more COVID-19 cases. In order to gain a more holistic understanding of the experiences in general practices we therefore included two federal states in the north (Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) and the south of Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg). The practices were randomly selected by Arztdata, a commercial provider of address lists (24). We invited 1,980 practices in Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and 4,320 practices in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg (proportionally to the overall number of GPs within the federal states, for details of the sample size calculation see Supplementary material S2). The survey was conducted from August to December 2020. The first mailing of questionnaires took place on 04/Aug/2020. The practices received two reminders (a first reminder including the survey 6 weeks later, a 2nd reminder of a post card after another 4 weeks). Survey responses have to be assessed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic course. Supplementary material S3 illustrates the relation between the distribution of responses and infection rates.
From each selected GP one physician and one HCA were eligible to participate in the cross-sectional survey and in the interviews. Results of the study with general practitioners are published elsewhere (25, 26). As already described only five HCAs registered for the telephone interviews in response to the first invitation (21). Therefore, 100 of the 6,300 invited HCAs were randomly selected and invited again by telephone to participate in the interviews. Of these, 23 HCAs participated, 50 declined participation and 27 were not reached. Participation was remunerated with 30€. HCAs who had already participated before were also paid 30€ retroactively (21) (for details about the study recruitment see Supplementary material S1).
2.3. Data collection
The research team was multidisciplinary and consisted of practicing clinicians, academic GPs and psychologists (JR, HS, GB, SP, IG, HK, and SJ), quantitative (GB and KL) and qualitative (IG, SP, and HK) research experts and a doctoral student (JE-M). Interviews were conducted by one researcher (JE-M) who was trained and supervised by an experienced qualitative researcher (HK).
2.3.1. Quantitative data: the survey
The 40-items survey (see Supplementary material S4) was developed in a participatory process involving family physicians, junior doctors, psychologists, and other scientific staff from eight Departments of General Practices to ensure the relevance of the questions for the target group. Then, the survey was tested in one of the teaching practices of the Department of General Practice of Würzburg, belonging to the focus group. Data was collected at one measurement time point between August and December 2020. The questionnaire contained retrospective questions about HCAs’ experiences during the initial period of the pandemic in March/April 2020, as well as the current situation at the time of the survey (August to December 2020) and their future expectations. The survey consisted of single-choice and multiple-choice questions with the option “others” offering the possibility of specification or adding additional information, likert-scaled questions and open-end questions. The feeling of psychological burden was assessed on a 6-point likert-scale. A paper-pencil format was used.
2.3.2. Qualitative data: open end survey-questions
We included responses to two open-ended questions of the survey (see Supplementary material S4). One question asked about wishes for other future pandemic waves (question 7: “What measures/offers would you wish for in a case of another pandemic wave?”) and the other question asked about wishes of support (question 16: “Are there other forms of support you would like in a future pandemic wave?”).
2.3.3. Qualitative data: telephone interviews
The main results of the qualitative interview data on experiences with the COVID-19-pandemic as seen from the perspective of German HCAs are already published (21). The semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted between August and December 2020. The interview guide appears in Supplementary material S5. For this study we performed a further analysis of the data with a focus on burdening experiences, stress factors and coping strategies.
2.4. Data analysis
Quantitative data were analyzed by GB, while qualitative data were analyzed by HS, JR, and JE-M. We identified burdensome experiences and stress factors in all three datasets and then grouped them using a model of stress sources in healthcare defined by Winefield et al. (10).
2.4.1. Analysis of quantitative survey data
Data entry was performed in Redcap (27). The data was exported and analyzed using SPSS (Version 26, data export function) (28) and Python (version 3.5). Cases with missing values (m) were excluded from the respective analyzes only. For this study we selected 23 survey items based on Winefield’s sources of stress for analyzes and assigned them to the stress-related categories (10) (Supplementary material S6). For the descriptive analyzes, absolute frequencies, minimum and maximum values, means, medians and standard deviations were calculated depending on the nature of the data. Data measured on ordinal scales were compared using the Vargha-Delaney A statistics, implemented (GB) in Python (29). The “A” formula was also used for comparisons of ordinal variables to a reference level (e.g., changes in feeling overburdened over the time) using “no changes” as reference category. We hypothesized that temporal changes may have been present. When the survey included corresponding questions, these hypotheses were tested. P values and confidence intervals (95% CI, shown between brackets) for A values were calculated using bootstrap, implemented (GB) in Python (30). In the relative frequency calculations “I do not know” (d), missing (m) and “no need” answers were not included in the denominator.
2.4.2. Analysis of qualitative survey data
Open questions were explored through qualitative methods as described in the section below on telephone interviews. As described previously categories were identified deductively-inductively (31–34). Therefor the main categories were derived by the research objectives and topics to be triangulated, whereas the themes emerging within these categories were derived inductively from the text. Categories were then grouped to the stress factors aligned to Winefield et al. (10).
2.4.3. Analysis of qualitative telephone interview data
All interviews were analyzed again. Aspects related to the burdening experience were extracted from the existing coding framework and analyzed in more depth using MAXQDA software (Vers. 2020). New codes were assigned deductively with regard to the research question and were discussed several times by the research team (HS, JR, and JE-M) until agreement was achieved. Themes were then grouped to the stress factors aligned to Winefield and colleagues (10). Supplementary material S7 shows the published coding framework and the restructured framework focusing on stress experiences.
2.5. Triangulation of results
We identified the key findings of each data set and listed them within a triangulation protocol (GB, HS, and JR for quantitative results, JE-M, JR, HS for qualitative results; Supplementary material S8). Key findings were compared and categorized as agreement, partial agreement, silence (e.g., not mentioned due to study design) or disagreement by HS, JR, and JE-M. SP supervised the triangulation process. Differences were resolved by discussion.
2.6. Ethics statement
Participation was anonymous as the questionnaires were returned by mail via return envelope without indicating a sender. Informed consent for the telephone interviews to be audio recorded was given by mail and e-mail and was signed by all participants. Details of the interviews which might allow to identify a person were anonymized during the transcription (21).
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents
There were 1,274 surveys available for analysis (response rate 21.1%, details in Supplementary material S1). Most of the HCAs were female [98.9%; missing (m) = 17]. The median age was 43 years and their median number of working years in the profession was 20. The type of practice they were working in was a Individual practice for 58.2% of the HCAs and Joint practice for 35.4% (Table 1). For a detailed description of qualitative interview participants see Supplementary material S9.
Table 1. Sociodemographic data of survey participants and practice characteristics.
3.2. Burdening experience of HCAs
3.2.1. Quantitative survey results
A high and very high feeling of psychological burden in March/April 2020 was reported by 29.5% of the participants. Only a few participants reported that professional psychological support was available for them, whereby 52.6% stated that they felt no need for this. The proportion of those who felt overburdened in daily practice decreased at the time of the survey compared to March/April 2020 (Table 2).
Table 2. Psychological burden of HCAs and availability of support.
3.2.2. Qualitative telephone interviews
Most HCAs reported suffering from experiences of burden at the beginning of the pandemic. They noted an increased petulance, and felt overwhelmed, burned out, and tainted with the situation. Worries about their own health and, even more, the health of their families through infection risk strained the HCAs (VS1). Also, physical illnesses were reported as a result of the high stress level (VS2). A wish for offers of professional psychological counseling was expressed (VS3).
3.3. Stress sources of HCAs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
In the following section the results are presented thematically triangulated according to the stress sources defined by Winefield and colleagues (10). Exemplary additional verbatim quotes (VS) and comments (VC) are listed in Supplementary materials S10, S11.
3.3.1. Patients as a source of stress
3.3.1.1. Quantitative survey results
In March/April 2020, 31.7% of the HCAs felt bad and 12.7% very bad about caring for COVID-19 patients. The feeling of being able to take care of COVID-19 patients was substantially improved at the time of the survey. Further worries expressed by the HCAs were getting insufficient or contradicting information about COVID-19 (50.1%) and to overlook COVID-19 among their patients (36.1%). In the opinion of HCAs, in March/April non-COVID-19 patients canceled appointments out of fear (91.2%). 8.7% of HCAs thought that non-COVID-19 patients have been harmed through the pandemic situation in March/April (Table 3).
Table 3. Summary of patient-related stress factors.
3.3.1.2. Qualitative survey results
HCAs reported difficulties with stressful, unfriendly and impatient patients (VC1, VC2, and VC3). There was a wish for more educational work for the population and that media coverage should be more objective to avoid causing panic among patients (VC3, VC4, and VC5).
3.3.1.3. Qualitative telephone interviews
Some participants reported uncertainty in the team due to the new disease pattern (VS4). There was uncertainty about how to deal with infectious patients and SARS-CoV-2 tests (VS5). As also described previously, poor information about the new virus and how to get protected from it contributed to the stressful experience (VS6) (21). Some HCAs reported disagreements with patients regarding the hygiene measures (VS7) and an increase in telephone calls with unsettled and lonely patients (VS8). There were experiences with aggressive as well as thankful patients (VS9). Some HCAs worried that patients would be harmed because they did not go to the doctor because of fear of COVID-19 (VS10) and even dreaded deaths in a small number of patients (VS11).
3.3.2. Non-patient sources of stress
3.3.2.1. Quantitative survey results
The fear that family members could become severely ill with COVID-19 was greater than the fear of own illness. For 27.3% of the HCAs the pandemic caused difficulties in reconciling work and family life (e.g., unavailable childcare), 15.5% only sometimes had such difficulties (Table 4). Other non-patient sources of stress were worries that colleagues would get infected or that the team would infect patients and concerns of suffering financial damages. Some HCAs (6.2%) were worried about losing their jobs (Supplementary material S12).
Table 4. Summary of non-patient-related stress factors.
3.3.2.2. Qualitative survey results
There was the wish for regular testing of medical personnel to protect the relatives (VC8). Working on the frontline, HCAs wanted financial resources for further staff, salary increases and bonus payments (VC6). Furthermore, they wished for better support with childcare.
3.3.2.3. Qualitative telephone interviews
Some practices reduced their treatment services (21) due to fear of infections or had to close completely (VS12, VS13). Many HCAs were worried about infecting family relatives (VS14). In some cases, HCAs took sick leave to avoid infecting themselves or their family (VS15). Contact restrictions led to social isolation (VS16) as well as restrictions on leisure activities (VS17), so that the restrictions had an impact on the mood (VS18). HCAs also reported stigmatization and discussions in their private environment about pandemic measures (VS19, VS20). HCAs occasionally mentioned financial problems due to reduced weekly working hours (V21). Some HCAs experienced the limited childcare at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic as very challenging (VS22, VS23). Other HCAs found it very stressful that colleagues were absent due to the lack of childcare (VS24). Individual HCAs also stated that they saw quitting their jobs as a last resort to solve the childcare problem (VS25). Good-willing employers dedicated colleagues and also well-organized schools and teachers were described as helpful (VS26). The good teamwork helped to overcome the challenges (VS27).
3.3.3. Organizational sources of stress
3.3.3.1. Quantitative survey results
In March/April 2020 HCAs spent more time on organizational tasks than before [A = 76% (75–78) p < 0.001; Table 5]. At the time of the survey (between August and December 2020) HCAs estimated that they spent less time with organizational duties than in March/April, but still more than before the pandemic. For details about working hours and time spent with patients see Supplementary material S13. Most of the HCAs felt well supported by their employers. They were also satisfied with the actions of their employers (Supplementary material S14) but less [A = 20.1% (18–20) p < 0.001] satisfied with the actions of the provincial government (Table 5). FFP2 masks were scarcely available in March/April 2020 (Supplementary material S15).
Table 5. Summary of organizational stress factors.
3.3.3.2. Qualitative survey results
According to the HCAs, sufficient personal protective equipment should be available and affordable in future waves (VC9, VC10). HCAs also wished a better governmental pandemic management (VC10, VC11), less bureaucracy, more digitalization and clear responsibilities, as well as reliable contact persons (VC12). Wishes for future waves of the pandemic were more support for GPs, e.g., by specialized COVID-19 services (corona medical centers, infection practices) (VC14), as well as more support from the Department of Health. According to HCAs the outpatient care was disregarded in medial pandemic reports. HCAs wished more recognition, appreciation and respect for their work and equal treatment to other health professions (VC13).
3.3.3.3. Qualitative telephone interviews
The HCAs reported an increased workload due to administrative duties (VS28) and catch-up dates for canceled appointments during the 1st lockdown in March/April 2020. Another stress factor described by almost all HCAs was the insufficient supply of protective equipment at the beginning of the pandemic, which hindered the daily work (VS29, VS30, VS31). On the other hand, some participants reported feeling restricted in their work by wearing mouth-nose protection masks (e.g., lack of facial expression, headaches, fatigue, breathing problems) (VS32), even if there was a protective function (VS33). HCAs reported that, due to organizational restructuring, measures had to be revised constantly (VS34). During the early pandemic, HCAs felt insufficiently supported and appreciated by policy makers and public health services (VS35, VS36) and saw themselves left on their own due to a lack of contact persons (VS37, VS 38). There was a wish for increased controls on compliance with the hygiene measures and quarantine rules, as well as harsher punishment for rule violations (VS39).
3.3.4. Coping strategies
In the interviews, HCAs mentioned numerous strategies to cope with increased burden (e.g., planning day trips instead of vacations) (VS40). Furthermore, the HCAs said they had actively strengthened their ties to family and friends (VS41). Some participants reported that having a positive attitude, accepting and allowing negative feelings had helped them to cope with the pandemic (VS42). Some HCAs reported that they also had done extensive private research on COVID-19, which had contributed to a sense of security among them (VS43) (Supplementary material S17).
3.4. Triangulation of the results
The key findings (N = 33) across all data sources are described in the triangulation protocol (Supplementary material S8). Allover, there were eight agreements between the three data sources. There was a high number of agreements between qualitative survey data and qualitative interviews (25 agreements, 8 silences), whereas there was a high number of silence between quantitative and qualitative survey data, indicating a different focus of questions and that participants used the qualitative questions to complement the information provided within quantitative variables. There was no disagreement.
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of the main findings
Our results show a high psychological distress of the HCAs at the beginning of the pandemic, which caused negative feelings such as anger and frustration. Patient-related sources of stress during the pandemic were for example non-COVID-19 patients being harmed and an uncertainty in patient care due to a lack of experience with COVID-19. Non-patient-related stress factors were compatibility problems of work and family, as well as the fear of HCAs infecting their relatives with COVID-19. Organizational sources of stress were a lack of availability of protective equipment and an increase in organizational and administrative workload. Furthermore, the HCAs complained about a lack of appreciation and support from policy makers. HCAs used problem-focused strategies (e.g., implementation of hygiene measurements in a creative way), emotional-focused strategies (e.g., leisure time, social resources) and attributional-focused strategies (e.g., optimism, reframing) for coping stress. Professional psychological support, on the other hand, was considered hardly available. Triangulation of results showed agreement and silence between key findings, indicating that participants often used qualitative questions to complement the information provided within the quantitative survey related to their experience of stress.
4.2. Comparison with existing literature
In numerous countries, high stress levels in healthcare workers were reported, especially at the beginning of the pandemic (3, 4, 35, 36). Quantitative studies identified an increased incidence of mental and psychosomatic illness among healthcare workers (37, 38). Consistent with these findings, our data reveal high level of stress and described psychological burden as well as psychosomatic illnesses in the context of the pandemic, which were considered as stress-related. Further, changes in the relationship to patients through conflicts with regard to hygiene measures were identified as a source of stress, which corresponds to literature (39–41). Reviews from Zhang et al. and Rossi et al. revealed an increase of pandemic related workplace violence (42, 43). While our study did not report instances of physical aggression, HCAs considered the increase of verbal violence of patients against them as stressful. Non-patient sources of stress were a lack of childcare and fear of passing the virus to family members as also seen by Ashley et al., Robinson et al., and Frenkel et al. (16, 44, 45). The fear of infecting family members and friends was greater than the fear of HCAs’ own infection, indicating a high feeling of responsibility as also described among general practitioners (46). Furthermore, few cases in the study also reported the stigmatization of HCAs during the pandemic as reported in other study results (47). In other countries and also in our results, an unstructured flow of information was mentioned as an organizational source of stress in everyday practice (18, 48). In general, stress arises if external or internal demands perceive as threatening and unable to cope (49). This could be also observed in our data. In March/April 2020, the HCAs were concerned to get too little and unstructured information about the unknown disease and felt not good prepared to care for COVID-19 patients. They reported uncertainty and constantly changing conditions that made it hard to feel able to cope with the pandemic situation and may frustrated the need for control and orientation (50). The months afterwards, the caring abilities increased and the feeling of overwhelm decreased showing a successful adaption of HCAs to the pandemic situation. A change in weekly working hours was particularly evident at the onset of the pandemic, with a greater amount of organizational activities and less time spent with patients (51). HCAs expressed frustration about policymakers’ lack of appreciation for their work (52). As also reported by the media, for the future the participants wished to be considered for bonus payments like other health care staff, as well as for adjustment of their salaries in view of the increased workload (53). A relief of the GPs by public health services and also more structured information flow was considered essential, which is in line with the results of other studies (48, 54, 55). The literature emphasized the relevance of coping abilities and resilience of healthcare workers during crises (18, 56). The HCAs reported different strategies to cope with new pandemic challenges and the increased stress. As a problem-focused coping strategy, practice teams often resorted to creative solutions in the face of problems such as a lack of protective equipment or difficulties in implementing hygiene concepts. Working as a team strengthened cohesion (54, 57–59). Social resources like family and friends found to be supportive which is in line with literature mentioned social support as a protective factor of stress (18, 60). Optimism and reappraisal of the pandemic situation helped some HCAs as a cognitive coping strategy (18).
4.3. Strengths and limitations
This is, to our knowledge, one of the first mixed methods studies using survey data and qualitative interviews to explore the burdening experience of German HCAs within primary healthcare in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study included a relatively large randomly selected sample. Nevertheless, with a response rate of 21%, it is unclear whether the results are representative of HCAs in Germany. A similar response rate was found in the survey of physicians (26). This could indicate an influence of physicians’ participation to the participation of HCAs as a selection bias. The study design (cross-sectional) does not allow a detailed assessment of the impact of the pandemic on HCAs. Although survey questions assessed different time points [March/April 2020 and “current” (corresponding between August and December 2020)], the single-stage survey allows little inference about the dynamics of the pandemic and the experiences of HCAs in the course of it. In addition, individual participant responses may have been affected by memory lapses (recall bias). An additional limitation is the lack of standardized measurements of psychological burden (e.g., for anxiety and depression) as well as stress experiences. Further bias may have occurred in the recruitment of HCAs for the qualitative interviews, with a subsequent introduction of an incentive due to recruitment difficulties. In addition, some HCAs conducted the interviews on the premises of the practice while others off-site, which may have led to a bias in the response pattern, particularly regarding team dynamics and employers. Due to the long study period of 5 months, systematic biases in the response tendencies could have arisen as a result of the pandemic dynamics both in qualitative and quantitative data. The study was conducted during a period when the number of infections in Germany was comparatively low, which might have influenced the differences we detected with regards to the burdening experience between the two time points we assessed in our survey (March/April 2020 and “current”). Even if the pandemic in March/April 2020 represented a previously unknown exceptional situation, GP teams were repeatedly confronted with new stress situations during the course of the pandemic, which represent an extreme intervention in the everyday practice (e.g., vaccination campaigns) (13, 61). Thus, it seems likely that the results of this study will be transferable to future pandemic events. Furthermore, our study has investigated an underrecognized study population that needs more attention in further research.
4.4. Implications
The COVID-19 pandemic was a dynamic infection event, whereby it can be assumed that in the long term further pandemics will lead to changes in the daily routine of GPs (62–64). This study can therefore help to better understand the stressful and supportive factors of HCAs as an occupational group that has received little attention in research to date. Our results show the important role of the public health sector today and in the future in terms of ensuring the productivity and well-being of HCAs in the pandemic. Future research topics should therefore include how to improve the collaboration of GP teams with employees of the public health department. Regarding to HCAs’ increased burden due to the pandemic expounded by our study, services should also be created for the outpatient sector that can help deal with workplace-related stress. To deal with future challenges, the resilience of HCAs should be promoted and strengthened (65). This can help prevent overwork and ensure an effective, adaptable and sustainable work team. The aforementioned sources of stress, such as challenging patients, organizational factors and regulations, can provide starting points for this. Especially in view of the shortage of HCAs not only in Germany, it seems fundamental to improve their working conditions in order to be able to ensure primary health care delivery (66–68). This could prevent HCAs exodus toward other professions not only with regard to future pandemics.
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because due to restrictions within the ethical approval, the datasets cannot be made publicly available. Specific data can be shared upon reasonable request. Requests should be directed to the corresponding authors. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to schrader_h@ukw.de.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Ethics committee of the University Hospital Würzburg (No. 135/20-am) and the Medical Faculty of the University of Kiel (D 295/20). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
IG, SJ, HK, HS, SP, and KL conceptualized the initial study. HS and JE-M were involved in study recruitment. JE-M and HK conducted qualitative interviews and transcribed the narratives. GB performed the statistical analysis. HS, JR, JE-M, GB, and SP conducted qualitative analysis and triangulation. IG supervised all processes. HS and JR drafted the initial manuscript. All authors contributed during the process of reviewing and adapting the manuscript and approved the current version for submission.
Funding
In Baden-Württemberg the project was funded by the Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of the State of Baden-Württemberg. This publication was supported by the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Wuerzburg.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to all healthcare assistants who took part in this study despite the enormous stress in everyday practice in the early days of the Corona pandemic. We would also like to thank the Departments of General Practice from Greifswald, Freiburg, Erlangen, Ulm and LMU Munich for their support in sending out the questionnaires and Olga Miljukov from the Institute of Epidemiology in Würzburg for her support with the sample size calculation.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1238144/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: healthcare assistants, COVID-19 pandemic, psychological burden, stress factors, primary care
Citation: Schrader H, Ruck J, Borgulya G, Parisi S, Ehlers-Mondorf J, Kaduszkiewicz H, Joos S, Grau A, Linde K and Gágyor I (2023) Stress experiences of healthcare assistants in family practice at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study. Front. Public Health. 11:1238144. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1238144
Edited by:
Yong Shian Shawn Goh, National University of Singapore, SingaporeReviewed by:
Maria Francesca Rossi, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, ItalyFlavia Beccia, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Copyright © 2023 Schrader, Ruck, Borgulya, Parisi, Ehlers-Mondorf, Kaduszkiewicz, Joos, Grau, Linde and Gágyor. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hanna Schrader, schrader_h@ukw.de; Jessica Ruck, Ruck_J1@ukw.de
†These authors share first authorship