AUTHOR=Nadeem Muhammad Umar , Kulich Steve J. , Zabrodskaja Anastassia , Bokhari Ijaz Hussain 

TITLE=The impact of empathy, sensation seeking, anxiety, uncertainty, and mindfulness on the intercultural communication in China during the COVID-19

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1223215

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1223215

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Objective</title><p>This study seeks to explore factors that have shaped the intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE) of international students (IS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretical predictions of anxiety uncertainty management (AUM) are considered to assess the ICE of IS who stayed in China throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The prime causal factors of AUM theory (anxiety, uncertainty, and mindfulness) are included with empathy and sensation, seeking to examine their impact on ICE among IS in China.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>A quantitative research design was designed to survey IS via convenience samples from across China with a total of 261 IS from 42 different cultural backgrounds responding to invitations to participate in a Chinese–English survey. Well-established measurement tools were adopted to measure empathy (Cultural Empathy scale), sensation seeking (Brief Sensation Seeking Scale), anxiety (Intercultural Anxiety scale), uncertainty (Intercultural Uncertainty scale), mindfulness (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised), and ICE (Perceived Effectiveness of Communication scale).</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Findings</title><p>The findings revealed that anxiety (<italic>t</italic> = −3.61, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) and uncertainty (<italic>t</italic> = −2.51, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) had a negative impact on ICE. However, mindfulness (<italic>t</italic> = 3.93, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), empathy (<italic>t</italic> = 3.60, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), and sensation seeking (<italic>t</italic> = 7.93, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) had a positive influence on ICE. Furthermore, the moderating effect of mindfulness is affirmed in this study.</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study has reconfirmed the theoretical reasonings and applicability of AUM theory with the addition of empathy and sensation seeking by IS in the cultural context of China during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></sec>