Samreen Sarwar
Javed Muhammad
Faheem Shahzad- 1Health Security Partners, Lahore, Pakistan
- 2Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
- 3Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The Good Microbiological Practices & Procedures (GMPP) is the most significant risk control measure as per the fourth edition of the WHO laboratory biosafety manual. Among GMPP, one of the best practices is hand washing. WHO and other public health agencies have published several guidance documents on hand washing, that describe closing the tap using a disposable paper towel/tissue paper at the end of hand washing as one of the critical steps. In resource-limited settings, where disposable paper towels cannot be provided at all times, the staff is left with ambiguous instructions on how to close the tap. In this paper, a modified hand washing method is documented that doesn't necessitate the use of disposable paper towels. In this method, both hands and faucets remain in contact with soap for at least 40–60 s. The method was validated by the use of Glo Germ. A survey questionnaire was also designed and conducted for the lab staff (n = 12) of the two laboratories, where this method was implemented, to assess whether this hand washing method brought any improvement in their hand washing practices and implementation. All (100%) of the survey respondents reported that this method of hand washing is more applicable and implementable than the WHO-recommended hand washing technique. Eighty three percentage reported that this modified method of hand washing raised their hand washing compliance. The authors suggest that this hand washing method can be used in resource-limited laboratory settings as an effective GMPP to ensure infection control.
Introduction
Biosafety practices in laboratories are based on the principle of containing biological agents to reduce the risk of laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) by preventing exposure of laboratory personnel and the outside environment (1). The fourth edition of the WHO laboratory biosafety manual prescribes core requirements that must be implemented in all laboratories regardless of the level of work that is being done in that lab. These core requirements can effectively control risks encountered in the majority of clinical and diagnostic laboratory activities (2). Activities that may pose a higher risk and cannot be mitigated by the core requirements, should be assessed using a risk assessment framework. Once risk is assessed, relevant, and sustainable risk control measures that are commensurate with the risks should be implemented (2). The Good Microbiological Practices & Procedures (GMPP) is the most significant risk control measure to be incorporated into the core requirements. GMPP refers to a set of standard operating procedures and practices, often written in a code of practice, that applies to all forms of biological agent activity. Among GMPP, one of the best practices to be followed by all laboratory staff is hand hygiene (2). Hand hygiene is a simple and inexpensive practice to avoid LAIs. There is sufficient evidence to prove that hand hygiene alone, when properly implemented, can significantly decrease the risk of LAIs in laboratories (3). Public health agencies are, therefore, emphasizing the importance of improving hand hygiene keeping in view the increasing severity of infections, and the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens (3). Handwashing is a cost-effective component of hand hygiene. A handwashing sink, which is an engineering control, is also one of the core requirements for a laboratory (2).
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), have produced several resources, including posters (4) and videos1 that explain why, when, and how hands should be washed in a laboratory or hospital setting. These training materials break down the process of hand washing into 9 to 11 steps that can be completed with a hand/elbow-operated tap. In this method, closing the tap with a disposable paper towel/tissue paper at the end of handwashing is one of the critical steps. Hand washing sinks are either manual (hand/elbow-operated taps) or automated. Automated hand washing is an expensive option that is not feasible in most facilities because of its electricity requirements and sophisticated design. Manual hand washing is the only option left, which necessitates the use of tissue paper or paper towels, which adds to the cost of handwashing (5).
The majority of laboratories in resource-constrained countries like Pakistan have hand-operated taps. A few new laboratories are using elbow-operated taps, but closing elbow-operated taps while wearing street clothes or exposing bare elbow to the tap after removing PPE and before leaving the lab exposes street clothes/skin to contamination from the dirty faucet, which laboratory workers can bring home or outside the lab. Sinks with foot pedals are also not a viable option in all Pakistani laboratories because they are 10 times more expensive, take up more space in the lab, require specific design fits, and need changing and reinstalling water piping systems (6). The design is only suitable for new constructions and cannot be applied to existing systems without modifying the tap and/or the connections, which are frequently located inside the walls. Some designs necessitate altering the basin or its pillar (6). The majority of the labs, particularly those in the public sector, cannot afford to provide paper towels to their employees regularly. When paper towels aren't available, staff are left with ambiguous instructions on how to close the tap. This is a critical gap that we have addressed in Pakistan in two national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reference laboratories. This paper aims to explain how this was addressed so that the global community can benefit from it.
The Fleming Fund is helping low- and middle-income countries in tackling AMR through its country grants (7). Health Security Partners (HSP) is part of a consortium that is supporting the Fleming Fund in Pakistan. As one of the project's first steps, two BSL-2 veterinary sector laboratories were identified as AMR reference laboratories. One of the objectives that the Fleming fund tried to accomplish in this grant was to develop and strengthen their biorisk management system using the new WHO risk assessment-based approach (2) following the biosafety program management monograph (8). In this monograph, step 3 in the biosafety program management cycle (8) is implementation through the development and communication of standard operating procedures for the safe work practices in these laboratories. Handwashing is the most critical and effective practice in biosafety and biosecurity. Therefore, to accommodate the unavailability of disposable paper towels, biosafety experts implemented a modified way of handwashing for the lab professionals working in these laboratories. We believe that this method can be employed in all research and diagnostic laboratories that deal with biological agents in a variety of fields.
Materials and methods
Due to the use of regular hand-operated taps and the unavailability of disposable paper towels in all sections of these laboratories, a modified method of handwashing was implemented by biosafety experts who were helping the two veterinary laboratories, designated as the AMR reference laboratories, in the implementation of a biosafety program. This experimental study only included the laboratory workers from the two veterinary sector AMR reference labs that implemented this modified handwashing method. In this method the following steps were initiated (Figure 1).
1. Open the tap
2. Wet hands with water
3. Apply enough soap on hand and rub hands palm to palm to make enough foam
4. Close the tap using the foamed hand evenly applying the foam all over the tap handle/faucet
5. Rub the area of the hand by placing right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa
6. Rub hands palm to palm with fingers interlaced
7. Rub back of fingers with opposing palms with fingers interlocked
8. Perform rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa
9. Perform rotational rubbing, backward and forward with clasped fingers of the right hand in the left palm and vice versa
10. Open the tap and rinse hands with water
11. Rinse the faucet with enough water to remove any foam on the faucet
12. Now close the tap with clean hands
In this method, both hands and faucets should be in contact with soap for at least 40–60 s.
Figure 1. The steps for the modified hand washing method: 1. open tap, 2. wet hands with water, 3. apply enough soap on hand and rub hands palm to palm to make enough foam, 4. close the tap using the foamed hand evenly applying the foam all over the tap handle/faucet, 5. rub the area of the hand by placing right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa, 6. rub hands palm to palm with fingers interlaced, 7. rub back of fingers with opposing palms with fingers interlocked, 8. perform rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa, 9. perform rotational rubbing, backward and forward with clasped fingers of the right hand in left palm and vice versa, 10. open the tap and rinse hands with water, 11. rinse the faucet with enough water to remove any foam on the faucet, 12. now close the tap with clean hands.
The method was validated by the use of Glo Germ (Glo GermTM, USA). Glo Germ is a visual tool for teaching proper handwashing and aseptic techniques. In this method, a nickel-sized amount of GloGerm gel was placed in the palm of one hand and applied to both hands completely especially under the nails, around the cuticles and between the fingers before starting the handwashing procedure. The hands were washed using the modified method mentioned above with plain soap and water for 40–60 s and the presence of Glo Germ was observed on the faucet and hands by placing hands under the UV light in a darkened room. A glow under the UV light was considered the presence of contamination.
A self-administered survey questionnaire consisting of one open and seven closed-ended questions (Supplementary Data File) was designed and conducted for the lab staff (n = 12) of these two laboratories to assess this handwashing method and determine whether it brought any improvement in their handwashing practices or implementation. The data were analyzed using SPSS v26 and frequencies and percentages were calculated for the survey responses.
Results
The modified method of handwashing enabled laboratory workers to wash hands with hand/elbow-operated taps without the use of disposable paper towels or tissue papers. With the use of Glo Germ on the hands and faucet, no glow was observed on the faucet or hands at the end of this hand washing method (Figure 2).
Figure 2. (a) Tap is contaminated during step one as visualized by Glo Germ; (b) Tap is clean (with no Glo Germ) at the end of the modified hand washing method.
Six of the 12 laboratory staff members, surveyed from the two target laboratories, responded. The survey reported that 67% (n = 4) of the laboratory professionals working in these laboratories wash their hands 6–10 times daily. The remaining 33% (n = 2) wash their hands 1–5 times daily. All (100%) of the survey respondents reported that this method of hand washing is more applicable and implementable in their setting than the WHO handwashing technique that required the use of disposable tissue papers/paper towels. This method enhanced handwashing compliance in their labs, according to 83% (n = 5) of laboratory workers. When asked how they used to wash their hands in case of the unavailability of paper towels or tissue papers before the adoption of this method, one person stated that they used to close the faucet with their hands after hand washing and then disinfect hands to remove any germs that remained. Other respondents provided ambiguous responses, stating that they preferred to use hand sanitizers and only washed their hands when required. Eighty three percentage reported that this modified method of handwashing raised handwashing compliance. Eighty three percentage of the lab professionals reported that in their opinion this method adequately disinfects the faucet and the hands of the lab workers.
Discussion
Laboratory-acquired infections can occur due to varying and suboptimal biosafety practices, and a lack of clear guidance and standard operating procedures (SOPs) (9). Direct contact through contaminated hands is an important mode of transmission of pathogens in laboratories and healthcare settings. Several studies have identified suboptimal hand hygiene as one of the several issues that might have facilitated the occurrence and spread of outbreaks in healthcare facilities (10, 11). Therefore, hand hygiene is considered one of the most significant risk control measures in biosafety. A lot of work has been done to promote hand hygiene across the globe but the global prevalence of washing hands with soap remains at 19%, and the African region's prevalence is even lower at 14% (12). Several studies in Asia including Pakistan reported a baseline hand hygiene compliance between 15 and 66% (13–17). Besides limited awareness of the importance of handwashing and a lack of a culture of biosafety, one important reason could be the lack of sufficient guidance to wash hands in resource-limited settings. No clear guidance is available from USCDC and WHO on how to wash hands when people don't have tissue papers or paper towels in resource-limited settings. A study conducted in Pakistan in 2012 (18) reported that a reusable cloth towel was being used for drying hands after hand washing in several public sector hospitals indicated the unavailability of disposable paper towels and raised questions about how these healthcare workers closed taps after rinsing hands with water to remove foam at the end of handwashing as proposed in the WHO handwashing method. 92.4% of the hospital staff reportedly used the same reusable cloth towel available in a relevant facility despite their dirty condition (86.5%). In this paper, we tried to cover this gap by documenting and implementing a modified handwashing method in which the use of paper towels and towels can be avoided to close the tap at the end of hand washing in two BSL-2 veterinary sector AMR reference laboratories. This doesn't only reduce the cost associated with handwashing but also reduces tissue paper usage making this method eco-friendly by reserving more trees (19). In this method, hands can be air-dried or wiped down with a clean reusable towel after hand washing. The results of this study showed promising outcomes. In this method, soap that is regularly used in laboratories is applied to the faucet for the same amount of time as it takes to wash hands. The use of soap and water for 40–60 min was reportedly enough to remove the majority of the germs that are handled in low-risk laboratories (20, 21). A liquid/solid soap contains chemical agents that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. One end of these molecules attaches to water while the other end attaches to dirt which is where the bacteria will be. The flow of water at the end of handwashing helps to remove germs from the skin (22) and the faucet. This handwashing method removed the need to apply sanitizer after washing hands, as practiced by some of the survey respondents, to remove any residual germs that can stick to hands by touching dirty faucets and the need for disposable paper towels that is not possible at all times in all resource-limited countries around the world. Hand sanitizers were preferred by the lab workers in these labs, although they are not a cost-effective alternative to hand washing. The preferred use of sanitizers not only reduced handwashing compliance but also increased the laboratory's fiscal burden. The high-risk laboratories may necessitate the use of disposable paper towels and antimicrobial soap as one of the enhanced requirements (23) after a thorough risk assessment in resource-limited settings. The authors believe that this new handwashing method may be in practice informally but has never been documented before. This paper attempted to formally document this method. However, more research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of this hand washing method by increasing the sample size of the study participants and comparing different settings/labs.
Conclusions
The modified method of handwashing proposed in this paper can improve handwashing compliance in resource-limited settings, where disposable tissue papers are not available. This handwashing method should be validated for practice in resource-limited settings.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethical Review Committee, University of Haripur, Haripur, KP. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
SS: conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, formal analysis, and project administration. JM: writing—review and editing and methodology. FS: investigation and writing—review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This Project described herein has been funded by UK aid from the UK government through the Fleming Fund Project.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to sincerely acknowledge the support of the Fleming Fund Country Grant Pakistan. We also thank Viji Vijayan and colleagues at HSP for their valuable suggestions and the review of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.965853/full#supplementary-material
Footnotes
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Keywords: handwashing, laboratory, resource-limited settings, implementation, compliance
Citation: Sarwar S, Muhammad J and Shahzad F (2022) A modified hand washing method for resource limited settings. Front. Public Health 10:965853. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.965853
Received: 10 June 2022; Accepted: 18 July 2022;
Published: 04 August 2022.
Edited by:
Furqan Kabir, Aga Khan University, PakistanReviewed by:
Shamsul Arfin Qasmi, Air University, PakistanAta Nevzat Yalcin, Akdeniz University, Turkey
Copyright © 2022 Sarwar, Muhammad and Shahzad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Samreen Sarwar, sarwarsamreen3@gmail.com