Carlos Hernández-Fernández*
Carmen Meneses-Falcón- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
Objectives: This study analyzes the subjective emotional impact COVID-19 deaths have had on healthcare, social services, and funeral services professionals, it explores the different implications, and analyzes the different reactions of health and social care professionals and funeral professionals to the volume of deaths.
Methods: This work is based on a qualitative, phenomenological, and interpretative approach through in-depth interviews with 42 informants, including 36 social and healthcare professionals, as well as 6 family members of those who died from COVID-19 in Madrid. The interviews were processed through a qualitative, interpretative, categorical analysis.
Results: Healthcare professionals were overexposed to a significant number of deaths under dramatic circumstances. Many of these professionals had difficulties processing their experiences and expressed the need for psychological help. The fact that certain professionals had previous exposure to high mortality rates was not a protective factor. Some coping differences were seen between healthcare professionals and professionals dedicated to the care of the deceased (undertakers or firemen), particularly in the degree to which they personalized the care they provided.
Conclusion: The overexposure to death with the circumstances that existed during the state of emergency had a significant emotional impact on the professionals, which can lead to mental health problems in the near term.
Introduction
Worldwide over 2,500,000 people died from COVID-19 between the end of 2019 and March 2020 (1). The number of infected and deaths was especially high in Italy and Spain.
In Spain, 152,230 deaths from illnesses occurred between the months of March and May 2020, of which 45,684 were caused by the COVID-19 virus (2), a 44.8% increase in deaths compared to 2019.
Hospitals were overflowing and had to convert operating rooms into ICUs and common spaces, like gyms and waiting rooms, into treatment areas.
Protocols were activated for hospitals and senior residences, prohibiting visitors and preventing family members from accompanying their loved ones. Healthcare and social service workers were the only companions and witnesses to the deaths of their patients.
The systems for managing the deceased broke down and funeral homes were overflowing (3). Improvised morgues were created, and military and fire service personnel were mobilized to transport bodies.
Front-line professionals had to respond in extraordinary circumstances never previously experienced and lived intimately with an inordinate number of deaths. These professionals were the last ones to see patients alive (4) which means they had to provide emotional support (5) and accompany patients through death to the extent possible.
Some healthcare and social services workers who were not used to witnessing deaths, either because of their specialty or usual patient type, were newly exposed to death and dying in a dramatic way.
The death anxiety described by Tomer et al. (6) is frequent, for example, in palliative care professionals accustomed to witnessing the death of patients, now appears in many other health care professionals, generating burnout, stress and emotional fatigue (7). It is also possible to find medium and long term effects such as those described in reviews on the intervention of professionals in humanitarian catastrophes (8, 9).
COVID-19 is an infectious disease, with which the professionals must co-exist. These professionals, were exposed to death at a much higher rate, which lead to a fear of death both that of their own and of their family members (10). On top of this, they suffered immense stress caused by fear of deterioration and death of their patients (11).
This study aims to (a) analyze the subjective emotional impact that COVID-19 deaths have had on healthcare, social service and funeral service professionals, (b) explore the different implications for one type of professional versus another, and (c) to analyze the different reactions of health and social care professionals and funeral professionals to the volume of deaths.
This research is particularly relevant as it was carried out just after the most critical months of the pandemic in one of the hardest hit cities. The study highlights the impact of the deaths that occurred during the COVID pandemic on professionals and their possible consequences. It also aims to highlight the need for prevention plans for future events.
Methods
Design
With the aim of uncovering inherently subjective aspects such as the meanings, perceptions, and emotions experienced in critical situations like the pandemic, a qualitative methodology was used for this work (12). Specifically, phenomenological and interpretative interview techniques were used. In some of the interviews, where the aim was to inquire about lived experience, a phenomenological approach was applied (13). In other cases, in which the intention was to collect a diversity of experiences, meanings and emotions, a more thematic and interpretative approach was applied. The approach of the interview depended, therefore, on the type of informant and his or her role in relation to the topic discussed in the study. Table 1 specifies the type of information on the front page for each respondent and whether or not this information is related to their direct experience.
Table 1. Data sheet of the subjects interviewed and categories.
The experience of the participants who had to face, in one way or another, situations of death during the state of emergency is explored in depth, collecting their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and observing how they gave meaning to what they experienced. The interview offers a contextualized view of the experience, allowing one to historically and socially frame personal experiences and thus understand the social processes that may underlie subjective evaluations or interpretations (14).
Recruitment and sampling
The study was carried out in Madrid, a city with one of the highest demands for emergency services and healthcare provision between March 2020 and May 2020 (15). To ensure a diversity of perspectives was acquired, 42 informants of different types were interviewed incorporating: (a) nine hospital employees including doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists and chaplains; (b) eleven senior residence employees including management, psychologists, social workers, chaplains and orderlies; (c) two emergency services professionals, one a doctor and the other a nurse; (d) nine funeral services professionals across all functions including management, office administration, sales, customer service, transport, chaplains, crematorium technicians, and undertakers; (e) two firefighters; (f) six relatives of the deceased; (g) two emergency social worker and (h) one priest of improvised morgue (Table 1). In the case of the professionals, informants were selected who had different roles and worked in distinct types of institutions. The aim of this selection was to have three types of informants: i. Professionals who worked with the deceased, ii. Professionals who worked with the deceased and/or their relatives and iii. Relatives of the deceased who had contact with the professionals. All participants were contacted by telephone, the project was explained, and their collaboration was requested. The interviews were carried out progressively, following the theoretical sampling model of Glaser and Strauss (16), utilizing the constant comparison between each type of informant, and seeking distinctive aspects in newly selected informants, or to augment central analysis categories that required greater depth; finally, the research questions and objectives guided the inquiry process and the search for new observations and interviewees. When information received was repeated over and over, the information required to fulfill the objectives was considered to have reached a saturation point. Interviews were conducted between July and November 2020. One of them was conducted in writing and seven by videoconference due to pandemic restrictions. The rest were conducted in person, and all were recorded. The interviews were approached as a conversation, following Kvale (17), around three dimensions: (a) the impact of being overexposed to death, (b) their experience with the deaths compared to previous stages of their lives, and (c) how they assimilated and processed the experience.
All of the interviews were conducted in Spanish and this article was written in Spanish, then later translated.
Ethical considerations
Considering the sensitivity of topics involved in this research, compliance with the appropriate ethical requirements was maintained, under the supervision of the university Ethics Committee, who issued a report of approval. All participants were informed of the objectives of the research study, the sources of financing and the planned use of the results. Informed consent was solicited, and informants were notified that their participation was voluntary. Permission for audio recording was also requested. Confidentiality was guaranteed through a confidentiality agreement.
Data analysis
Data Analysis. After the verbatim transcription of all the interviews, the analysis began with the support of the Nvivo 12 plus program, which facilitated categorization and codification. The analysis was carried out in three phases: exploration and discovery phase, categorization and codification, and interpretation (18). The participants' discourses were examined via a categorical analysis that considered both content and discourse analysis (19). First, the language used was explored, taking into account the words and phrases used and the sentiment associated with them (20). Secondly, the analysis focused in on the meanings associated with death and the farewell to close relatives. The development of the analytical categories and the codification of the interviews were central to this stage (Tables 1, 2) (21). The last step of analysis was the interpretation and association of meanings with the circumstances and contexts in which they took place. The main strategies of rigor and quality criteria associated with qualitative research were applied (22). Reflexibility was used in the data collection process, as well as content saturation and key categories; to prevent biases in the first author's interpretations, the second author reviewed the results and analysis for dependability and confirmability (23).
Table 2. Categories.
The results are presented by addressing six themes: The psychological cost on professionals, the different reactions and coping strategies, the professionals' personal relationship with death, the emotional impact of decision-making, the difficulty in processing the experience and repercussions on mental health, and the family members' perceptions about professionals.
Findings
Between March 2020 and May of 2020, during the state of emergency decreed by Spain, healthcare professionals in Madrid confronted demands for their services and an accumulation of deaths at levels never previously experienced.
Health care professionals were subjected to levels of emotional and/or physical stress and exhaustion that are proving difficult to process months later and some of them expressed a need for psychological help. Humanizing and personalizing care during the pandemic, as well as the need to make decisions about resource management and life support were significant sources of emotional stress for healthcare and social services workers. Professionals working to manage and process cadavers report greater physical rather than emotional exhaustion. The challenging work of the professionals in these circumstances was recognized and highly valued by relatives of the deceased. All verbatin, which support the results, are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Verbatin of the interviews illustrating the results obtained, classified into responses from professionals and responses from family members: Madrid. Spain 2021.
1. The psychological cost on professionals. “I have worked in this profession for 25 years and the truth is I have never experienced anything similar.”
During the interviews, the professional caregivers (healthcare professionals, psychologists, social workers, etc.) in recounting their experiences during this stage of the pandemic and in relation to deaths, expressed a notable degree of distress and showed significant emotional exhaustion both verbally and non-verbally (VP1).
The professionals whose work involved direct contact with bodies of the deceased (funeral services professionals and fire-fighters), but who did not have direct contact with living patients or their relatives, referred more often to the volume of work and the extraordinary nature of the situation, but showed a greater emotional distance from the deceased and less psychological exhaustion (VP2).
The funeral services personnel that directly served family members of the deceased, did express a greater psychological toll, at levels similar to caregiving professionals, as compared to other funeral services colleagues (drivers, technicians, and undertakers), who had no direct family interaction (VP3).
The workers that had had contact with patients or their families, could not suppress their emotions during the interviews, and said they had cried daily during the months of confinement (VP4). They often stated that this is the worst experience of their professional lives (VP5) and some compared the situation to what transpires in disasters, wars and third world countries (VP6).
2. Humanizing care and coping strategies. “Patients must be touched when they are dying, you must be with them.”
Despite the high number of deaths that occur in a typical nursing home or hospital, many healthcare and social services professionals indicated that they have never become accustomed to the phenomenon of death and were particularly impacted by the unique circumstances created by the pandemic, where patients died alone and without adequate care due to a lack of resources (VP7 and VP8). They recounted the dramatic way in which some of the deaths occurred, and the anxiety they still feel when reliving them (VP9).
The act of personalizing each patient and providing more humanizing care influenced professionals' emotional experience, causing greater psychological harm. Some professionals guarded against connecting personally with patients to protect themselves (VP10), as actions such as learning a patient's name or having to write it on the shroud after death could deliver an emotional shock (VP11).
While some professionals protected themselves by not personalizing patients and despite the tremendous workloads they had to manage, in some cases the professional-patient relationship became more intense than in periods prior to the pandemic, especially with the absence of family members. In these cases, the deaths could be even more painful for the professionals (VP12). This effect was magnified for senior home personnel given their close relationships with the residents, who could come to consider the professionals part of their family (VP13).
The professionals that historically worked with the deceased, but not with living patients or families, generally seemed more accustomed to the phenomenon of death, although they also recognized that the circumstances of the pandemic were anomalous, and they had more intense experiences in their work than before the pandemic (VP14).
For these professionals the difference from the pre-pandemic era resided not only in the volume of work, but also in the fact that they were managing a situation in which they themselves could become victims (VP15). Above all, the impact of the situation was especially notable in their concern for what might happen to their families (VP16), rather than the significant number of corpses seen in residences and hospitals, described as “Dantean” scenes (VP17). In verbalizing their thoughts, they used comparisons that allowed them to narrate the situation with an outsider perspective, even with a touch of levity (VP18).
3. Professionals' personal relationship with death. “But nothing is more certain, nor more denied than death.”
During the most intense months, healthcare and social services professionals were afraid of the virus and of death, and they were especially afraid for their families (VP19).
In many cases this fear, and the overexposure to dying forced them to reconsider their relationship with death and think about it in different ways. Some thought about the need to prepare for their own death (VP20), to address related issues with their family members (VP21), or to enjoy life more (VP22).
Several professionals commented that, after this experience, society as a whole and professionals particularly have become more conscious about the reality of death and have begun to see it as something that exists closer to home (VP23). They also highlighted how there is an increasing need to have more proactive conversations around related issues in senior residences and hospitals (VP24).
However, other workers, both in healthcare and funeral homes, signaled that they prefer not to think about death. For them this is a personal coping mechanism (VP25), to avoid having to confront the possibility of family members' deaths in the future (VP26), or as a method of self-protection to avoid suffering when their patients die (VP27).
4. Decision-making and emotional exhaustion. “So, you attended to one and the other could die.”
One of the major sources of stress, helplessness and frustration was the need to constantly choose who to prioritize for treatment (VP28) or which patients should be admitted to the ICU and which should not. These decisions made healthcare workers feel that they were letting people die who could have survived (VP29), which provoked serious concerns around ethics and crises of conscience (VP30). This frustration was especially intense in senior residences, where the professionals saw how residents were denied treatment (VP31), frustration that was compounded by a sense of being accused by the public of being personally responsible for residents' deaths (VP32).
5. Difficulty in processing the experience and repercussions on mental health “No, this will never be fully processed. It will stay with you forever.”
When healthcare and social services professionals were asked about their current state of mind, many commented on their difficulty with processing what they had experienced (VP33), they described symptoms associated with possible post-traumatic stress (VP34), and they highlighted the need for psychological help to overcome the trauma that the situation is causing them (VP35). They emphasized that during the most difficult months of the pandemic, mutual support among colleagues had been fundamental to coping with the situation. (VP36). In the case of firefighters and funeral services professionals, conversations among peers were described as useful but they did not express a need for psychological support (VP37).
6. Family members' perceptions about professionals. “The doctor began to cry, his tears were falling.”
It is worth mentioning that relatives of the deceased commented that even in the most dramatic moments, the social and health care professionals acted with sensitivity and humanity despite the demands for their services and the exceptional nature of the situation. (VF01). These family members were witnesses to the tears and helplessness of many healthcare providers and to their emotional state (VF02), and it is something that was valued positively. They acknowledged that at certain times it was difficult to understand the professionals' reactions, or the lack of information being provided, but afterwards family members exhibited empathy and gratitude for the professionals (VF03).
Discussion
The number of deaths that healthcare and social services professionals, as well as funeral services professionals, have had to deal with during the state of emergency has been inordinate and unexpected (3). It might be presumed that healthcare and social services professionals, who routinely witness deaths in their work, may be accustomed to deaths and are therefore more sensitized (24), and that these professionals' continuous contact with death allows them to create strategies to facilitate future contact with death (25). However, the results of this study indicate that, when faced with the COVID-19 crisis, professionals were not able to get used to the unique circumstances, and the emotional impact caused by the deaths was elevated, including in those professionals who work in high-mortality environments like ICUs, emergency rooms, palliative care, and senior residences.
As this study has shown and according to Chocarro (26), depersonalizing the patient, avoiding conversations, or avoiding learning patients' names are coping strategies used by some professionals. However, it has been found that this has not always been possible or effective, since, as indicated by Ferrán and Barrientos-Trigo (5), during the pandemic, professionals had to supplement, to the extent possible, the emotional support required by a dying patient that would otherwise fall to family members, or that might be alleviated by the support of other patients, especially in senior residences. In a situation of scarce resources, with very difficult working conditions similar to those in developing countries, or generated by disasters or wars, healthcare professionals have had to use their imagination to accompany and care for the sick as described by Torre (27). This assumption of emotional care for patients has contributed to later separation anxiety among personnel (28) and difficulty in coping with death. On the other hand, the pressure to provide care was so high and the deaths that resulted occurred in such a dramatic way that any coping strategy could prove to be insufficient. It follows that many professionals are now in psychological treatment or say that they need it (29). Studies show that health professionals, who have worked during the first months of the epidemic, have experienced psychological symptoms such as stress, anxiety and depression, compassion fatigue and post-traumatic stress (30).
Without claiming to be a clinical assessment, it is found that, following the reviews carried out by Sakuma et al. (9) and Brooks et al. (8) the psychological and emotional effects that are noted in this study can be similar to those described in disaster situations and with humanitarian relief, such as emotional distress or compassion fatigue, among others.
One should not forget that the healthcare and social services professionals have been socialized through the same processes as the population they serve, and therefore dismiss the idea of death in the same way that the rest of the population does (26). Studies conducted before the pandemic (31) indicate that some healthcare workers demonstrate negative attitudes toward the concept of death and that this is one of the situations that regularly generates the most stress, among nursing staff for example (26). This research exposes the existence of these negative attitudes, which have been exacerbated by the impact of the deaths during the crisis. The professionals have narrated their difficulty in coming to terms with these deaths, even more so in an environment in which they considered that the deaths could have been avoided. For many healthcare professionals, death is not only something that isn't accepted, but also something that they prefer to avoid in their everyday thinking (32) in and during this crisis they have had to confront it daily. During the hardest months of the pandemic, death anxiety increases markedly among professionals (33).
The psychological distress for these workers is also caused by their perception of the risk of infection to themselves and their families, as previously indicated by Simione and Gnagnerella (34). So not only do they suffer with the deaths of their patients, but many of them, as this study indicates, connect the deaths of their patients with a fear of losing their loved ones.
Most of the research about psychological distress for healthcare and social services workers during the COVID-19 crisis does not refer explicitly to the relationship the healthcare professionals have with death, as evidenced by Bohlken et al. (35) and Spoorthy et al. (36) in their review of the literature. However, the present study considers that the professionals' prior experience with death is a determining factor for understanding their fears, emotions, and their need for psychological support.
With respect to social workers, we find few studies that speak of their relationship with death. Some, like that of Quinn-Lee et al. (37) carried out with palliative care social workers, affirm that exposure to death at work decreases the anxiety it generates. As has been suggested with respect to health care workers, this study indicates that such standardization is not applicable in times of pandemic crisis. On the other hand, Martínez-López et al. (38) point out that social workers in Spain have suffered high levels of anxiety about death during the pandemic, especially in relation to fearing the death of others and the process of death.
In the case of funeral services workers Van Overmeire and Bilsen (39) indicate that the COVID-19 crisis also generates a risk to their mental health, due to the number of funerals, the high demands of their job, and overexposure to death in the course of their work. This risk was not evident in the present study. Although the data indicate that the demands and workload were frequently mentioned factors for funeral services professionals, there was not similar evidence in the data for an overexposure to death. The same author indicated in a later study that compassion fatigue and burnout among funeral home personnel is lower than among healthcare professionals (40). Rodríguez-Rey et al. (41) also state that the psychological impact on protective services professionals has been lower than on health professionals. Previous studies also indicated that there is no relationship between exposure to death and mental health in these groups (42).
Limitations
This study faced notable limitations due to the circumstances of the pandemic: (a) access to a wide range of healthcare professionals was difficult due to their ongoing workload as well as their state of mind; (b) the interviews were designed to be conducted in person, however some had to be conducted virtually making nonverbal communication and observations of nonverbal expressions difficult; (c) some professionals, especially social workers, were very reluctant to participate for fear of revealing particular professional situations experienced in their workplaces and (d) the great diversity of roles of the selected informants results in a heterogeneous sample.
Implications
This study reveals the need to establish mental health surveillance measures for all frontline professionals who have worked with patients who have died during the most difficult months of the pandemic.
Supportive resources such as support groups and spaces for emotional healing should be strengthened.
It is necessary to expand the curricula of healthcare and social services professional training to include subjects that support development of coping skills for dealing with death, both in periods of crisis and in normal care provision, as well as expanding the bioethical view of death. It is furthermore advisable to promote initiatives whereby professionals and patients can talk about death to further normalize it.
This study opens the way for other research in the mental health field to consider the experience of death as an indicator of mental health and to study the real impact of this crisis, in the medium and long term, on healthcare and social services professionals as well as other professionals, such as emergency and funeral services personnel.
Conclusions
Overexposure to death, the circumstances of death and decision-making related to dying patients, have all had a significant emotional impact on healthcare and social services professionals, many of whom express the need for psychological help. The emotional impact and anxiety caused by the number of deaths during the pandemic were not influenced by a practitioner's previous experiences of having worked in environments or residences where there is a high mortality rate, because what happened in the pandemic was unlike anything previously experienced by these professionals. The level of emotional involvement and suffering was lower in professionals dedicated to the collection and burial or cremation of those who had passed, as they were able to maintain distance and limit the degree to which they personalized and identified with the deceased.
Data availability statement
The data supporting this article will be made available by the authors only on request and on a case-by-case basis, for confidentiality reasons.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité de Ética de la Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
CH-F: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, formal analysis, project administration, resources, visualization, and writing. CM-F: methodology, supervision, and validation. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
We thank Amavir Senior Residence, Hermanitas de los Ancianos Desamparados Senior Residence, HM Torrelodones Hospital, Nuestra Señora del Rosario Senior Residence, and SFM Madrid Funeral Services for their support in this investigation as well as the people who collaborated in the study in a difficult moment of their lives.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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Keywords: death, COVID-19, social services and healthcare professionals, burnout, death anxiety
Citation: Hernández-Fernández C and Meneses-Falcón C (2022) “The worst thing that has happened to me”: Healthcare and social services professionals confronting death during the COVID-19 crisis. Front. Public Health 10:957173. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.957173
Received: 30 May 2022; Accepted: 28 June 2022;
Published: 26 July 2022.
Edited by:
Krystyna Kowalczuk, Medical University of Bialystok, PolandReviewed by:
Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli, University of Florence, ItalyRoel Van Overmeire, Vrije University Brussel, Belgium
Copyright © 2022 Hernández-Fernández and Meneses-Falcón. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Carlos Hernández-Fernández, amhlcm5hbmRlemYmI3gwMDA0MDtjb21pbGxhcy5lZHU=