AUTHOR=Rameshkumar Gunasekaran , Dhandapani Ranjithkumar , Lalitha Prajna , Rajapandian Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan , Palanivel Velmurugan , Thangavelu Sathiamoorthi , Alyousef Abdullah A. , Albalawi Thamer , Alam Pravej , Zubair Mohammad , Saleh Fayez M. , Alatawi Fuad Abdullah , Husain Fohad M. 

TITLE=Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Metallo β-Lactamase Producing Gram-Negative Pathogens Causing Eye Infections

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.870354

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2022.870354

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Purpose:</title><p>Metallo β-lactamases (MβL) production is a worldwide problem, particularly in gram-negative bacteria. As scanty data is available on the prevalence of MBL, the present study is being undertaken to determine the prevalence, antibacterial sensitivity patterns, and molecular characterization of MβL associated resistant genes in gram-negative bacteria isolated from ocular infections.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>At a tertiary eye care center in south India, 359 gram-negative pathogens, 200 isolates from eye infections, and 159 isolates from normal flora of the eye were studied. A gold standard microbiology method was used to identify the isolates. An antibiotic double disc synergy test and a combination disc test were used to detect MβL production. Multiplex PCR was used to investigate the molecular characteristics of the MβL encoding genes <italic>bla</italic><sub>VIM</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>IMP</sub>, and <italic>bla</italic><sub>NDM</sub>.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of the 359 gram-negative bacterial pathogens, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> 108 (30.1%) and <italic>Enterobacter agglomerans</italic> 46 (12.8%) were commonly isolated. High prevalence of <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 81% (17 strains) was detected as an MβL producer and it shows 100% resistance to 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins and meropenem. Multiplex PCR detected only the <italic>bla</italic><sub>VIM</sub> gene in 56 (28%) of various eye infections and 27 (17%) of normal flora of the gram-negative bacteria (GNB). The <italic>bla</italic><sub>VIM</sub> gene is detected predominantly in 51.8% of keratitis and 21.4% of postoperative endophthalmitis. High prevalence of the gene was detected in <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 42.9% (24 of 56) and <italic>Alcaligens denitrificans</italic> 10.7% (6 of 56) from eye infections. Whereas, in the control group, <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic> each had 14.8% (4 of 27) that were shown positive.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The emerging MβLs mediated resistance among <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> is a challenging task for ophthalmologists, especially in patients with endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis. This local knowledge will aid in advising appropriate antibiotic use and avoiding unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, which are highly warranted.</p></sec>