Elena Mazzalai
Federica Turatto†
Corrado De Vito- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Background: Worldwide, concerns rise on how COVID-19 pandemic impacted heavily on women, even on those belonging to the scientific community. The Italian scientific production regarding the COVID-19 throughout the first months of the health emergency could help to understand the heft of female researchers in this unique period.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the gender gap in the scientific production on COVID-19 in Italy during the first months of the pandemic.
Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted and, for each included study, first and last author's gender, type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation, journal's Impact Factor (IF) and specialization were extracted. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed.
Results: 22.2% of the articles were signed by a woman as first author, 18.1% as last authors. Female authorship was less frequent than male authorship regardless of the type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation and field of specialization.
Conclusion: This analysis reveal a low prevalence of studies with a female first or last author and suggests that the low share of female authors publishing on COVID-19 during the considered timespan is a transversal issue throughout the Italian medical field.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic had a high impact on Italy, especially in the first months of 2020. A national lockdown was implemented from March 9th and lasted more than 2 months (1). During this period the country had been severely hit and the Italian National Healthcare Service suffered an overwhelming pressure. The national scientific community reacted promptly to the emergency: at the beginning of the pandemic Italy was one of the countries publishing the most on this topic (2).
However, global scientific literature is unanimous in bringing out how the publication rate during the health emergency was not consistent when looking at authors' gender: the share of women as first author declined compared to the same period of 2019 (3, 4). The issue of low female authorship in scientific publication is anything but a new discovery, both in Italy (5) and worldwide (6), where female authors only count for 30% of all signatures in the scientific field. Even though the gender gap in publication has been shrinking, acknowledged factors hindering women academic productivity still persist (7, 8). Some of these, such as the higher burden of domestic duties and children care, became even more visible and of public interest after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of the preventive measures (9–11).
Based on these assumptions, this article aims at investigating the gender gap in the scientific production on COVID-19 in Italy in the first months of the pandemic using data from a previous research (12).
Methods
The analysis was performed on the scientific literature regarding the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. A systematic search of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 Statement was performed (13). A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify articles published from December 2019 to 24th of April 2020 which included the terms (“COVID” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “coronavirus”) AND (“Italy” OR “Italian”) in their title and/or abstract. Papers published by first authors with an Italian affiliation were included, with no restriction based on language or study design. In particular, for each included study, first author's gender, last author's gender, type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation, journal's Impact Factor (IF) and specialization were extracted. Gender was classified as “female” and “male” and was assigned based on the name of the author. For names which can be used for both males and females, gender was assigned according to the most common use of the name. When the author was a scientific society or an institution, gender was classified as “not attributable.” Specialization was assigned based on the first author's affiliation, and was further categorized into four fields: Surgical, Medical, Public health, Non-medical. Legal medicine was included in the Medical field. Statistical specializations were included in the Public Health field. The Non-medical field included studies of anthropology, psychology, and ethics. Type of affiliation was categorized as either academic or non-academic based on first author's affiliation. The impact factor for each journal was obtained from the Journal of Citations Report 2019 (14).
Articles were classified according to study type based on an adaptation of the classification of studies in medical research developed by Röhrig et al. (12, 15).
Descriptive analyses were performed on Microsoft Excel, calculating the frequency of female first author and female last author for the included articles, median and interquartile range for continuous variables. Univariable and multivariable analyses were carried out on Stata 17 to investigate association between first and last author's gender and number of co-authors, type of study, journal IF, specialization and type of affiliation. Univariable analysis was performed using Chi-squared test and Fisher's Exact Test for categorical variables and Student's t-test or Mann Whitney's U-test for continuous variables, and logistic regression was used for the multivariable analysis. A threshold of p ≤ 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
Results
A total of 205 articles were retrieved from the research. Two papers were signed by scientific societies. The gender of the first author was feminine in 45 papers (22.2%) and masculine in 158 (77.8%). Among the 188 articles written by more than one author, the last author's gender was feminine in 34 papers (18.1%) and masculine in 154 (81.9%). Eleven articles were signed by female researchers both as first and last author. This number is equal to a share of 5.9% of the 188 articles, of 32.4% of the studies with a woman as last author and 25.6% of those with a woman as first author.
Table 1 illustrates the distribution of articles by author's gender and specialization, type of study and affiliation. Regarding the specialization field extracted from the first authors' affiliation, the majority of the papers were classified in the Medical. Among these papers, 23.0% had a female first authors and 21.3% had a female last author. Whether the specialization field was Medical, Surgical, Non-medical, or related to Public health, no significance difference was found for gender distribution of neither first nor last author in the univariable analysis. However, when controlling for all other variables, articles with surgical specialization had significantly lower odds of female authorship compared to articles with public health specialization (OR = 0.16, p = 0.03).
Table 1. Number and percentage of articles published according to specialization, type of study, and affiliation by author's gender.
The distribution of male and female first and last authorship does not seem to be influenced in a statistical significance way by type of study (p = 0.55 and p = 0.24, respectively), nor by the type of primary study, which count for the most published type of study (p = 0.06 and p = 0.36, respectively).
Academic and non-academic affiliation is equally distributed, with 102 first authors presenting an academic affiliation and 101 a non-academic one. Last authorship is equally divided between academic (94) and non-academic (94). Once again, the gender distribution of first and last authorship do not vary according to the affiliation type, presenting no statistical significant differences (p = 0.59 and p = 0.26 for first and last author's gender, respectively).
Table 2 shows the IF of the journal and number of co-authors of articles published according to author's gender. The number of co-authors does not vary significantly depending on the gender of neither first nor last author, with a median number of co-authors of 6 [IQR 3–11] for female and 5 [IQR 2–8] for male first authors (p = 0.16), and 4.5 [IQR 3–8] and 5 [IQR 2–10] for female and male last authors, respectively (p = 0.83). Therefore, the share of female authorship does not appear to influenced by the number of co-authors.
Table 2. Journal IF and number of co-authors by author's gender.
Looking at last authorship's gender, journals hosting female last signatures present on average statistically higher IF (Female last author: IF 5.8 [IQR 3.6–7.1]; male last author: IF 3.6 [IQR 2.4–6.8]; p = 0.03). Analogous findings did not appear when considering first authorship.
None of these factors appear to be significantly associated with first or last female authorship in the multivariable analysis.
Discussion
This preliminary analysis of the scientific literature on COVID-19 in Italy during the first wave of the pandemic highlights a low prevalence of studies with a female first or last author across disciplines and institutions in the medical area during the first wave of the pandemic. Even though our results show a significant difference between articles published in the public health field and the surgical field, the share of female authors remained below 31.6% in all fields of specialization. Our analyses also show that the median journal IF was higher for articles with a female last author compared to those with a male last author and the difference was statistically significant in the univariable analysis, however the IF does not appear to be a key factor in the multivariable analysis.
A possible explanation for our results could be found in the low representation of females in the scientific and medical field in Italy. However, OECD data (16) show that women accounted for 43.4% of the physicians in Italy in 2019, with the highest share of 64.0% among physicians aged 35–44 years. Furthermore, an analysis of the composition of students in Italian universities in 2010 showed a higher prevalence of female students in areas such as Medicine and Pharmacy, although still representing only 30% of the students of scientific faculties (17). These data suggest that women are not a minority in the biomedical field, and do not seem to justify the lower authorship share which emerged from our analysis.
However, when considering academic career, data from Italian universities for the scientific fields related to “medical sciences” and “biological sciences” are not as encouraging: women account for 32.7% of the academic personnel in the “medical science” field. The share of women is inversely proportional to career advancement: women represent 46.2% of researchers, 33.5% of associate professors and only 19.1% of ordinary professors. In the field of “biological sciences,” women account for 54.2% of the total academic staff, but are overrepresented among researchers (62.2%), less represented but still the majority among associate professors (55.9%), and only 35.9% among ordinary professors (18). Our findings are therefore all the more alarming, since a low representation of female first and last author could indicate that women are missing out on the opportunity of career advancement during COVID-19 (19).
The low proportion of female-authored scientific literature on COVID-19 could have implications for society as a whole, as it could affect the overall quality and comprehensiveness of evidence, since women authors contribute to inclusion of gender-relevant and gender-specific issues (19).
While indicating that women in Italy have published less than their male colleagues during the COVID-19 pandemic, our data do not allow to draw conclusions on the impact of the pandemic on female academic productivity. However, other studies have shown that women's academic productivity has decreased during the pandemic in medical and non-medical fields (3, 4, 9, 20, 21). This was found to be true especially for COVID-related work (22, 23). Reasons for this have been identified in the share of home and family care responsibilities falling disproportionately on women during lockdown (4, 21, 24) and the increased workload related to teaching responsibilities for women academics (9, 25). The disproportionate impact on early research career women has been further associated with lower risk-taking attitude in taking on new research projects during the emergency phase (19, 26).
Further research on the topic is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of the pandemic on publication trends in Italy.
Our study has some limitations. First of all, our study takes into consideration only published articles and does not account for submitted articles. It is therefore not possible to determine whether the lower share of female authorship is due to a lower number of submissions by female authors or to other steps of the publication process. Not accounting for submissions in such a limited time frame could also have led to leave out from our analysis papers submitted but not yet published at that time. However, this applies to all submitted papers, and is unlikely to influence the gender distribution in authorship. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that during the first months of pandemic, journals have accelerated the publication process on COVID-19 related papers, therefore reducing the time lag between submission and publication (27). The strategy used to assign gender for names could have led to misclassification of some authors' gender. Moreover, the specialization attribution could have led to misclassification on two accounts: the field of the affiliation could not correspond to the actual specialization of the first author; the specialization of the first author could not be the same as the last author's. Furthermore, our study is limited to a section of the scientific literature published on a specific topic in a limited time frame. The terms included in the search strategy could also have determined the exclusion of articles related to COVID-19 published by Italian authors which did not include “Italy” in the title or abstract. This could have particularly affected the inclusion of basic science articles.
We believe that highlighting the gender gap in publications related to COVID-19 in Italy is important for two reasons: first of all, it provides the opportunity to adapt the global discourse on gender inequalities during COVID-19 to a local context. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic will have long-lasting consequences and bring about innovation in all domains of our lives. Hopefully, highlighting critical issues such as the one presented in this paper, could be a stimulus toward advancing gender equity in academia.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author Contributions
All authors conceived and designed the study and approved the final version of the manuscript. EM and FT collected and analyzed the data and wrote the initial draft. CD revised the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: science of science, gender gap, academia, COVID-19, Italy
Citation: Mazzalai E, Turatto F and De Vito C (2022) Gender Gap in Scientific Publications on COVID-19 in Italy During the First Wave of the Pandemic: An Observational Study. Front. Public Health 10:818594. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818594
Received: 19 November 2021; Accepted: 06 June 2022;
Published: 30 June 2022.
Edited by:
Meghna Ranganathan, University of London, United KingdomReviewed by:
Andreas Älgå, Karolinska Institutet (KI), SwedenMarco Cellini, Istituto di Ricerche Sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali (IRPPS), Italy
Copyright © 2022 Mazzalai, Turatto and De Vito. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Elena Mazzalai, ZWxlbmEubWF6emFsYWkmI3gwMDA0MDt1bmlyb21hMS5pdA==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship