AUTHOR=Mayrand Florence , Capozzi Francesca , Ristic Jelena 

TITLE=Gaze communicates both cue direction and agent mental states

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1472538

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1472538

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Although it is well established that humans spontaneously attend to where others are looking, it remains debated whether this gaze following behavior occurs because gaze communicates directional information (i.e., <italic>where</italic> an agent is looking) or because gaze communicates an agent’s inferred mental content (i.e., <italic>what</italic> an agent perceives), both of which rely on the processes involved in the general Theory of Mind ability.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>To address this question, in two Experiments we used a novel task to measure how spatially dissociated and spatially combined effects of an agent’s gaze direction and perceived mental content influence target performance. We also contrasted performance for social directional cues and nonsocial arrows.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Our data revealed that performance was compromised when cue direction and mental content dissociated relative to when they combined. Performance for dissociated components was especially prominent when a social avatar served as a cue relative to a comparison arrow.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Together, these data show that a typical gaze signal communicates information about both <italic>where</italic> an agent is attending and <italic>what</italic> they are attending to.</p></sec>