AUTHOR=Rodrigues Arthur Nascimento , Paranhos Alna Carolina Mendes , da Silva Livia Caroline Machado , Xavier Stanley Soares , Silva Camilla Costa , da Silva Rosilene , de Vasconcelos Lidiane Assunção , Peixoto Ivonete Vieira Pereira , Panzetti Tatiana Menezes Noronha , Tavares Priscila Rodrigues , Reis Cíntia de Sousa , Launé Beatriz Freitas , Palácios Vera Regina da Cunha Menezes , Vasconcelos Pedro Fernando da Costa , Quaresma Juarez Antônio Simões , Falcão Luiz Fábio Magno 

TITLE=Effect of long COVID-19 syndrome on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1394068

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1394068

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Purpose</title><p>This study aimed to assess the association of anxiety, headache, and insomnia on the QoL of patients with long COVID-19.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey between August 2020 and March 2023. A total of 200 participants were eligible, 53 were excluded and 147 patients with long COVID were included. QoL was evaluated across eight domains using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Standardized protocols including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (<italic>n</italic> = 103), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (<italic>n</italic> = 73), and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) (<italic>n</italic> = 67) were also used.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>Participants with sleep disorders had significantly lower Vitality (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Participants with anxiety disorders had significantly lower Vitality (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001), poorer Mental Health (<italic>p</italic> = 0.008), and more severe Bodily Pain (<italic>p</italic> = 0.008). Participants with headache had significantly lower Vitality (<italic>p</italic> = 0.032), poorer Mental Health (<italic>p</italic> = 0.036), and poorer Physical Functioning (<italic>p</italic> = 0.016). Participants with both headache and anxiety had significantly lower Vitality (<italic>p</italic> = 0.005) and Mental Health (<italic>p</italic> = 0.043) domain scores. Correlation analysis revealed that higher scores for anxiety, sleep disorder, and headache were independently correlated with poorer QoL across various domains. The presence of sleep disorder was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of experiencing diminished Vitality (odds ratio [OR]4.47; 95% CI 1.01–19.69; <italic>p</italic> = 0.048).</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Participants with anxiety, sleep, and headache disorders tended to have a worse QoL. The Vitality and Mental Health domains were the most adversely affected in patients with long COVID. Sleep disorders were associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of poor Vitality.</p></sec>