Empathy can be described as the ability to adopt another person’s perspective and comprehend, feel, share, and respond to their emotional experiences. Empathy plays an important role in these relationships and is constructed in human–robot interaction (HRI). This systematic review focuses on studies investigating human empathy toward robots. We intend to define empathy as the cognitive capacity of humans to perceive robots as equipped with emotional and psychological states.
We conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed articles using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. All articles were reviewed based on the titles, abstracts, and full texts by two investigators (EM and CS) who independently performed data collection. The researchers read the full-text articles deemed suitable for the study, and in cases of disagreement regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final decision was made by a third researcher (VLB).
The electronic search identified 484 articles. After reading the full texts of the selected publications and applying the predefined inclusion criteria, we selected 11 articles that met our inclusion criteria. Robots that could identify and respond appropriately to the emotional states of humans seemed to evoke empathy. In addition, empathy tended to grow more when the robots exhibited anthropomorphic traits.
Humanoid robots can be programmed to understand and react to human emotions and simulate empathetic responses; however, they are not endowed with the same innate capacity for empathy as humans.