AUTHOR=Koranyi Susan , Hinz Andreas , Hufeld Julia M. , Hartung Tim J. , Quintero Garzón Leonhard , Fendel Uta , Letsch Anne , Rose Matthias , Esser Peter , Mehnert-Theuerkauf Anja 

TITLE=Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Demoralization Scale-II and the Association Between Demoralization, Sociodemographic, Disease- and Treatment-Related Factors in Patients With Cancer

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789793

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789793

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Objective:</bold> To test the psychometric properties, internal consistency, dimensional structure, and convergent validity of the German version of the Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II), and to examine the association between demoralization, sociodemographic, disease- and treatment-related variables in patients with cancer.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> We recruited adult patients with cancer at a Psychosocial Counseling Center and at oncological wards. Participants completed the 16-item DS-II, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener-2 (GAD-2), Distress Thermometer (DT), and Body Image Scale (BIS). We analyzed internal consistency of the DS-II using Cronbach‘s Alpha (α). We tested the dimensional structure of the DS-II with Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Convergent validity was expressed through correlation coefficients with established measures of psychological distress. The associations between demoralization, sociodemographic, disease- and treatment-related variables were examined with ANOVAs.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Out of 942 eligible patients, 620 participated. The average DS-II total score was <italic>M</italic> = 5.78, <italic>SD</italic> = 6.34, the <italic>Meaning and Purpose</italic> subscale <italic>M</italic> = 2.20, <italic>SD</italic> = 3.20, and the <italic>Distress and Coping Ability</italic> subscale <italic>M</italic> = 3.58, <italic>SD</italic> = 3.45. Internal consistency ranged from high to excellent with α = 0.93 for the DS-II total scale, α = 0.90 for the <italic>Meaning and Purpose</italic> subscale, and α = 0.87 for the <italic>Distress and Coping Ability</italic> subscale. The one-factor and the two-factor model yielded similar model fits, with CFI and TLI ranging between 0.910 and 0.933, SRMR &lt; 0.05. The DS-II correlated significantly with depression (PHQ-9: <italic>r</italic> = 0.69), anxiety (GAD-2: <italic>r</italic> = 0.72), mental distress (DT: <italic>r</italic> = 0.36), and body image disturbance (BIS: <italic>r</italic> = 0.58). High levels of demoralization were reported by patients aged between 18 and 49 years (<italic>M</italic> = 7.77, <italic>SD</italic> = 6.26), patients who were divorced/separated (<italic>M</italic> = 7.64, <italic>SD</italic> = 7.29), lung cancer patients (<italic>M</italic> = 9.29, <italic>SD</italic> = 8.20), and those receiving no radiotherapy (<italic>M</italic> = 7.46, <italic>SD</italic> = 6.60).</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The DS-II has very good psychometric properties and can be recommended as a reliable tool for assessing demoralization in patients with cancer. The results support the implementation of a screening for demoralization in specific risk groups due to significantly increased demoralization scores.</p>