AUTHOR=Garcia Danilo , Drejing Karl , Amato Clara , Kosinski Michal , Sikström Sverker 

TITLE=The Promotion of a Bright Future and the Prevention of a Dark Future: Time Anchored Incitements in News Articles and Facebook’s Status Updates

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01623

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01623

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Research suggests that humans have the tendency to increase the valence of events when these are imagined to happen in the future, but to decrease the valence when the same events are imagined to happen in the past. This line of research, however, has mostly been conducted by asking participants to value imagined, yet probable, events. Our aim was to re-examine this time-valence asymmetry using real-life data: a Reuter’s news and a Facebook status updates corpus.</p><p><bold>Method:</bold> We organized the Reuter news (120,000,000 words) and the Facebook status updates data (41,056,346 words) into contexts grouped in chronological order (i.e., past, present, and future) using verbs and years as time markers. These contexts were used to estimate the valence of each article and status update, respectively, in relation to the time markers using natural language processing tools (i.e., the Latent Semantic Analysis algorithm).</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Our results using verbs, in both text corpus, showed that valence for the future was significantly higher compared to the past (future &gt; past). Similarly, in the Reuter year condition, valence increased approximately linear from 1994 to 1999 for texts written 1996–1997. In the Facebook year condition, the valence of the future was also significantly higher than past valence.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Generally, the analyses of the Reuters data indicated that the past is devaluated relative to both the present and the future, while the analyses of the Facebook data indicated that both the past and the present are devaluated against the future. On this basis, we suggest that people strive to communicate the promotion of a bright future and the prevention of a dark future, which in turn leads to a temporal-valence asymmetrical phenomenon (valence = past &lt; present &lt; future).
<disp-quote><p><bold><italic>“</italic></bold><italic>I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”</italic></p><p><italic>I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.</italic></p><p><italic>I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.</italic></p><p><italic>I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.</italic></p><p><italic>I have a dream today!”</italic></p><p>Martin Luther King, Jr., 28th of August 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC, United States</p></disp-quote></p>