AUTHOR=Hibbert Andrew W. , Billaut François , Varley Matthew C. , Polman Remco C. J. 

TITLE=Goal Orientation and the Presence of Competitors Influence Cycling Performance

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01212

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01212

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Introduction:</bold> The aim of this study was to investigate time-trial (TT) performance in the presence of one competitor and in a group with competitors of various abilities.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> In a randomized order, 24 participants performed a 5-km cycling TT individually (IND), with one similarly matched participant (1v1), and in a group of four participants (GRP). For the GRP session, two pairs of matched participants from the 1v1 session were used. Pairs were selected so that TT duration was considered either inferior (INF) or superior (SUP) compared to the other pair of participants.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Overall, TT duration (<italic>P</italic> = 0.86, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">η</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">p</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> &lt; 0.01) was not different between conditions, while heart rate (HR) was significantly greater in GRP compared to IND (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">η</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">p</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> = 0.16). For INF, a large effect size for both mean power (<italic>P</italic> = 0.07, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">η</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">p</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> = 0.15) and HR (<italic>P</italic> = 0.05, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">η</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">p</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal" mathcolor="black">2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> = 0.16), indicates greatest effort in GRP. Pacing behavior was affected by competition but similar in 1v1 and GRP for SUP, while large effect sizes indicate an increased power output in the initial 750-m for INF in GRP. Additionally, for INF, there was a significant correlation with ego orientation for an increase in TT duration between the GRP session and both the IND (<italic>r</italic> = 0.43, <italic>P</italic> = 0.04) and 1v1 (<italic>r</italic> = 0.54, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01) sessions.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> For INF participants, intensity was increased when competing in GRP. Yet, the presence of the SUP competitors resulted in lesser performance improvements for ego oriented INF participants. These findings demonstrate that consideration should be given to the ability of competitors in a group setting to provide adequate motivation.</p>