AUTHOR=Thimm Jens C., Holte Arne , Brennen Tim , Wang Catharina Elisabeth A.

TITLE=Hope and expectancies for future events in depression

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2013

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00470

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00470

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=<p>The present study investigated prospective cognition with the Hope scale (Snyder et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">1991</xref>) and the Unrealistic Optimism Scale (Weinstein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">1980</xref>) in clinically depressed (CD; <italic>n</italic> = 61), previously depressed (PD; <italic>n</italic> = 42), and never depressed controls (ND; <italic>n</italic> = 46). In line with previous research, significant negative correlations between hope and symptoms of depression were found. Previously depressed reported lower levels of hope than NDs, but were more hopeful than CDs. In addition, relationships between depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes, and expectations for the future were examined. As hypothesized, the CDs estimated their probability of experiencing positive events in the future as lower and their probability of experiencing negative events as higher than the two other groups. The PDs differed not from the NDs in their probability estimates. Implications of the findings are discussed.</p>