ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychiatry
Sec. Aging Psychiatry
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591296
Design and validation of the CADIS-G: A screening instrument for anxiety, depression, loneliness and anger in the older population
Provisionally accepted
Elena Ruiz1,2*
Francisco Javier Román González3
Lucia Torices1,2
Francisco Sanchez Escamilla1,2Andrea Aguirre4Enrique Rubio4Patricia Cañada4Natalia Rodriguez5
Leticia Leon1,2
Miguel Ángel Pérez Nieto1,2Marta Redondo1,2- 1Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Asturias, Spain
- 2Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- 3Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- 4IPES Instituto de Psicología de Emoción y Salud, Madrid, Spain
- 5Saturno Labs, Madrid, Spain
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Introduction: The assessment of psychological variables in older adults is often conducted using instruments that are not specifically designed for this population. Moreover, there are few screening tools that are effective for healthcare professionals in detecting emotional difficulties in older individuals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to design a questionnaire that can be used as a screening instrument to measure emotional distress in older individuals. A 12-item instrument (CADIS-G) with a 4-point Likert-type response scale was developed and tested for validity. Method:186 older adults from eight residences and/or centers for older individuals in Spain. The participants completed, in addition to the 12-item CADIS-G, different instruments considered gold standards: Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) and UCLA Loneliness Scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to study the dimensionality of the CADIS-G items. Results: The results showed that 10 of the 12 items of the CADIS-G grouped well with the theoretically proposed gold standard scales. Discussion: The CADIS-G is a screening instrument that shows adequate psychometric properties to measure anxiety, depression, anger and loneliness in older people.
Keywords: anxiety 1, anger 2, depression3, loneliness4, older adults5, screening scale6
Received: 11 Mar 2025; Accepted: 14 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Ruiz, González, Torices, Sanchez Escamilla, Aguirre, Rubio, Cañada, Rodriguez, Leon, Pérez Nieto and Redondo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Elena Ruiz, Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, 28692, Asturias, Spain
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