What Racial Disparities Exist in the Prevalence of Perinatal Bipolar Disorder in California, USA?"

Mercy Eigbike¹Rebecca J Baer²Nichole Nidey³Nancy Byatt⁴Xavier Reynaldo Ramirez⁵Hsiang Huang⁶Crystal T Clark⁷Avareena Schools-Cropper⁸Scott P Oltman²Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski⁹Kelli K Ryckman¹⁰Karen M Tabb^5*

• ¹Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, United States
• ²School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
• ³The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
• ⁴UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, United States
• ⁵University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
• ⁶Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
• ⁷University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ⁸Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD, United States
• ⁹New York University, New York City, New York, United States
• ¹⁰Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States

Purpose: Mental health conditions are the leading cause of preventable maternal mortality and morbidity, yet few investigations have examined perinatal bipolar disorders. This study sought to examine racial differences in the odds of having a bipolar disorder diagnosis in perinatal women across self-reported racial groups in a large sample in California, USA.Method: This cross-sectional study uses data from 3,831,593 women who had singleton live births in California, USA from 2011 to 2019 existing in a linked dataset which included hospital discharge records and birth certificates. International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify women with a bipolar disorder diagnosis code on the hospital discharge record. Results: We identified 19,262 women with bipolar disorder diagnoses. Differences in the presence of a bipolar disorder diagnosis emerged by self-reported race. In the fully adjusted model, Multiracial (selection of two races self-reported) women, compared to single-race White women had the highest odds of bipolar disorder. Further examination of the all-inclusive Multiracial category revealed differences across subgroups where White/Black, White/American Indian Alaskan Native, and Black/American Indian Alaskan Native women had increased odds for bipolar disorder compared to single race White women. Conclusions: Differences in bipolar disorder diagnoses exist across racial categories and when compared to White women, Multiracial women had the highest odds of bipolar disorder and thus represent a perinatal population of focus for future intervention studies. The increased burden of mental health problems among Multiracial women is consistent with recent research that employs disaggregated race data.