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REVIEW article

Front. Psychiatry
Sec. Neurostimulation
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1479240
This article is part of the Research Topic Biomarkers for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation in Movement Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders View all 3 articles

Intracranial Closed-Loop Neuromodulation as an Intervention for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Overview

Provisionally accepted
Jenna Langbein Jenna Langbein 1Ujwal Boddeti Ujwal Boddeti 1Weizhen Xie Weizhen Xie 2*Alexander Ksendzovsky Alexander Ksendzovsky 1*
  • 1 University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
  • 2 University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Recent technological advances in intracranial brain stimulation have enhanced the potential of neuromodulation for addressing neuropsychiatric disorders. We present a review of the methodology and the preliminary outcomes of the pioneering studies exploring intracranial biomarker detection and closed-loop neuromodulation to modulate high-symptom severity states in neuropsychiatric disorders. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO/PsycNet, followed by the reference and citation lists of retrieved articles. This search strategy yielded a total of 583 articles, of which 5 articles met the inclusion criteria, focusing on depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and binge eating disorder. We discuss the methodology of biomarker identification, the biomarkers identified, and the preliminary treatment outcomes for closed-loop neuromodulation. Successful biomarker identification hinges on investigating across various setting. Targeted neuromodulation, either directed at the biomarker or within its associated neural network, offers a promising treatment approach. Future research should seek to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of neuromodulation as well as the long-term viability of these treatment effects across different neuropsychiatric conditions.

    Keywords: Closed Loop Neuromodulation, Neuropsychaitric disorders, neural circuit, Neural Network, DBS (deep brain stimulation), RNS = responsive neurostimulation

    Received: 11 Aug 2024; Accepted: 13 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Langbein, Boddeti, Xie and Ksendzovsky. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Weizhen Xie, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, 20742, Maryland, United States
    Alexander Ksendzovsky, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.