Advancing Education in Interventional Psychiatry: Scoping Review of Simulation Training and the Future of Virtual Reality-Based Learning

Peter Giacobbe ^1,2,3* Alice Tu ^1,4 Lilia Kaustov ^4,5 Stephen Choi ^4,5,6 Julian Wiegelmann ^4,6 Fahad Alam ^4,6

• ¹ Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ² Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ⁴ Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ⁵ Perioperative Brain Health Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ⁶ Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Objectives: Interventional psychiatric procedures such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have become increasingly important therapeutic options for managing severe or treatment-resistant mental illnesses. However, research suggests that gaps in training students in these techniques represent a rate-limiting step for their further dissemination and accessibility for the public. Studies have shown that the majority of psychiatry residents lack necessary competency and self-confidence in performing these treatments. Simulation based training has served as a gold standard for training procedural skills in medicine. Simulationbased training environments, particularly immersive reality technology (e.g., virtual reality [VR]), represent a promising novel avenue for trainees to develop the necessary skills for delivering these treatments. This scoping review discusses the current training in interventional psychiatry and how simulation-based training, specifically VR, can improve pedagogy in this area. Methods: In this scoping review, a literature search was conducted on the PubMed database using specific search terms such as "simulat*", "training", "ECT", "TMS", "neuromodulation", and "interventional psychiatry". The search was limited to studies with language in English from 1980 to 2023. Results: The initial search yielded 2094 articles, of which 4 evaluated the effectiveness of simulation approaches for ECT and were included in this review. No published studies were identified regarding VR-based education in ECT or rTMS. Conclusions: This scoping review provides an overview of the current landscape of pedagogical methods in interventional psychiatry and highlights the identified gaps in both the existing literature and the potential application of simulation-based environments, including VR, within this field. Considering the ongoing shift in medical education towards competency-based training, this review discusses the needs and benefits of VR-based simulators as an avenue to enhance competency in interventional psychiatry. Leveraging existing experience in the use of VR-based simulators in procedural skill acquisition in surgery and anesthesia, as well as recommendations on how to translate this approach to clinical training in psychiatry, are also discussed.