AUTHOR=Massag Janka , Diexer Sophie , Klee Bianca , Costa Daniela , Gottschick Cornelia , Broda Anja , Purschke Oliver , Opel Nils , Binder Mascha , Sedding Daniel , Frese Thomas , Girndt Matthias , Hoell Jessica , Moor Irene , Rosendahl Jonas , Gekle Michael , Mikolajczyk Rafael TITLE=Anxiety, depressive symptoms, and distress over the course of the war in Ukraine in three federal states in Germany JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry VOLUME=14 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1167615 DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1167615 ISSN=1664-0640 ABSTRACT=Introduction

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting consequences are in the center of political discussions, media, and likely individual thinking of the population in Germany. Yet, the impact of this prolonged exposure on mental health is not known hitherto.

Methods

Using the population based cohort study DigiHero from three federal states (Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, and Bavaria), we assessed anxiety levels (GAD-7), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and distress (modified PDI) in the first weeks of war and 6 months later.

Results

Of those 19,432, who responded in the first weeks of war, 13,934 (71.1%) responded also 6 months later. While anxiety and emotional distress decreased during the 6 months, their average scores were still elevated, and a substantial fraction of respondents displayed clinically relevant sequelae. Persons from low-income households were especially affected, specifically by fears related to the personal financial situation. Those who reacted with a particularly strong fear in the beginning of war were more likely to have persistent clinically relevant symptoms of depression and anxiety also 6 months later.

Discussion

The Russian invasion of Ukraine is accompanied by continuing impairment of mental health in the German population. Fears surrounding the personal financial situation are a strong determinant.