AUTHOR=Kiraga Maggie Kamila , Kuypers Kim P. C. , Uthaug Malin Vedoy , Ramaekers Johannes G. , Mason Natasha Leigh 

TITLE=Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<p>Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in deficient treatment responses. Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and 1 week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males = 25; females = 25; others = 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males = 21; females = 24; others = 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males = 10; females = 13) completed assessments at the 1-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. The morning after the ceremony, we observed medium reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline (<inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ9" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 6.4; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001 and <inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ11" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 6; <italic>p</italic> = 0.014, respectively), which persisted over a 1-week period post-ceremony (<inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ14" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 6.7; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001 and <inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ17" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 8.6; <italic>p</italic> = 0.004, respectively). At 1 week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased (<inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ20" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 1.5; <italic>p</italic> = 0.03), while the personality trait neuroticism decreased (<inline-formula><mml:math id="INEQ23" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:munder accentunder="true"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:munder></mml:math></inline-formula> = 5.2; <italic>p</italic> = 0.005), when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found ratings of ego dissolution (mean: 59.7, SD: 28.3) and changes in neuroticism to be the strongest predictors of reductions in state and trait anxiety, respectively. In sum, results suggest rapid and persisting (up to 1 week) anxiolytic effects in individuals with sub-clinical anxiety symptoms, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. Results also add support to the feasibility and potential efficacy of group sessions with psychedelics. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.</p>