AUTHOR=Brouillard Alexandra , Davignon Lisa Marie , Fortin Justine , Marin Marie France 

TITLE=A Year Through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Deleterious Impact of Hormonal Contraception on Psychological Distress in Women

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835857

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835857

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Women are more at risk than men of suffering from psychological distress during disease outbreaks. Interestingly, no biological factors have been studied to explain this disparity in such contexts. Sex hormone variations induced by hormonal contraceptives (HC) have been associated with mental health vulnerabilities. However, most studies have examined current effects of HC without considering whether a chronic modulation of sex hormone levels could induce long-lasting effects that persist after HC cessation.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To date, the role of HC on psychological health in women during a disease outbreak is still unknown. We aimed to investigate both current and long-term effects of HC on psychological distress throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></sec><sec><title>Method</title><p>At four time points during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020, September 2020, December 2020, March 2021), we collected self-reported data on psychological distress, assessing symptoms of post-traumatic stress [<italic>via</italic> the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)], symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress [<italic>via</italic> the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)]. Linear mixed models were first used to compare men (<italic>n</italic> = 49), naturally cycling women (<italic>n</italic> = 73), and women using HC (<italic>n</italic> = 32) across time. To examine long-lasting effects of HC, exploratory analyses were restricted to women, comparing current HC users (<italic>n</italic> = 32), past users (<italic>n</italic> = 56), and never users (<italic>n</italic> = 17).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The first model revealed that women taking HC reported stable post-traumatic stress symptoms across time, compared to naturally cycling women and men who showed a significant decrease from T1 to T2. HC users also reported greater DASS-21 total scores over time. Moreover, HC users reported higher stress and anxiety symptoms than men. In the second model, results showed that past HC users had similar anxiety levels as current HC users. These two groups reported significantly more anxiety symptoms than never users.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>HC users report increased distress during the pandemic relative to naturally cycling women and men. Our results also suggest a long-lasting effect of HC intake, highlighting the importance of considering both the current use of HC and its history. This could provide some insight into potential avenues for explaining why some women are prone to higher psychological distress than men.</p></sec>