AUTHOR=Liu Xingze , Wang Xiang , Liu Yao , Gao Feng , Xia Jie , Fan Jie , Zhu Xiongzhao 

TITLE=The abnormal implicit memory to positive and negative stimuli in patients with current and remitted major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1043987

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1043987

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>In patients with current major depressive disorder (<italic>c</italic>MDD) a general abnormal implicit memory has been reported. However, the elaborate function of implicit memory when processing stimuli with different emotions (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) in current and remitted (<italic>r</italic>MDD) patients is unclear. The present review examines implicit memory’s general and elaborate in <italic>c</italic>MDD and <italic>r</italic>MDD patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We conducted meta-analyses based on published studies meeting criteria in Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE databases between 1990 and July 2022. The full sample patients included <italic>c</italic>MDD = 601 and <italic>r</italic>MDD = 143.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Initial analysis of <italic>c</italic>MDD patients revealed a general implicit memory deficit. Subsequent subgroup analyses showed that the implicit memory performance to neutral stimuli is poorer in <italic>c</italic>MDD patients than controls, but recovered in <italic>r</italic>MDD patients; the deficient implicit memory to positive stimuli existed in <italic>c</italic>MDD and <italic>r</italic>MDD patients; the implicit memory performance to negative stimuli in <italic>c</italic>MDD patients is similar to controls but poorer in <italic>r</italic>MDD patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>These findings indicate that the negative bias in <italic>c</italic>MDD patients might compensate for the general implicit memory deficit. Together, the implicit memory to neutral stimuli could recover with remission, whereas still abnormal in processing positive and negative stimuli. These results suggested that the abnormal implicit memory to positive and negative information might be relevant to depression pathogenesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Systematic review registration</title><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero</ext-link>, identifier CRD42020205003.</p></sec>