AUTHOR=Fellendorf Frederike T. , Hamm Carlo , Dalkner Nina , Platzer Martina , Sattler Matteo C. , Bengesser Susanne A. , Lenger Melanie , Pilz Rene , Birner Armin , Queissner Robert , Tmava-Berisha Adelina , Ratzenhofer Michaela , Maget Alexander , van Poppel Mireille , Reininghaus Eva Z. 

TITLE=Monitoring Sleep Changes via a Smartphone App in Bipolar Disorder: Practical Issues and Validation of a Potential Diagnostic Tool

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641241

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641241

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Sleep disturbances are common early warning signs of an episode of bipolar disorder, and early recognition can favorably impact the illness course. Symptom monitoring via a smartphone app is an inexpensive and feasible method to detect an early indication of changes such as sleep. The study aims were (1) to assess the acceptance of apps and (2) to validate sleeping times measured by the smartphone app <italic>UP!</italic>.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold><italic>UP!</italic> was used by 22 individuals with bipolar disorder and 23 controls. Participants recorded their time of falling asleep and waking-up using <italic>UP!</italic> for 3 weeks. Results were compared to a validated accelerometer and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Additionally, participants were interviewed regarding early warning signs and their feedback for apps as monitoring tools in bipolar disorder (NCT03275714).</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> With <italic>UP!</italic>, our study did not find strong reservations concerning data protection or continual smartphone usage. Correlation analysis demonstrates <italic>UP!</italic> to be a valid tool for measuring falling asleep and waking-up times.</p><p><bold>Discussion:</bold> Individuals with bipolar disorder assessed the measurement of sleep disturbances as an early warning sign with a smartphone as positive. The detection of early signs could change an individual's behavior and strengthen self-management. The study showed that <italic>UP!</italic> can be used to measure changes in sleep durations accurately. Further investigation of smartphone apps' impact to measure other early signs could significantly contribute to clinical treatment and research in the future through objective, continuous, and individual data collection.</p>