Gianfranco Spalletta
Desirée Estela Porcari
Nerisa Banaj
Valentina Ciullo
Katie Palmer- 1Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- 2Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- 3Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- 4Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Background: In the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, many countries made changes to the routine management of patients with non-communicable diseases, including neurocognitive disorders. Therefore, many “so-called” non-urgent elective procedures and outpatient appointments have been canceled or postponed, possibly impacting negatively on health and well-being of patients in the short- and long-term.
Aim: Here, we aimed at describing numbers and types of outpatient appointments canceled as a result of government's restrictive measures in our memory clinic.
Methods: The scheduled appointments at the memory clinic of the Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy, are recorded in a comprehensive dataset under strict administrative control. Here, we compared appointments (first-time and follow-up) that were canceled from January to April 2020 with those of the corresponding months in 2019.
Results: We observed a substantial decrease in appointments during 2020. The majority of scheduled appointments were follow-up, and about a quarter were first-time appointments. We estimated that 66.7% and 77.4% of patients missed out respectively their first and follow-up appointments in our memory clinic due to government's restrictive measures in March–April 2020.
Conclusions: A large number of patients with neurocognitive disorders missed crucial appointments due to government's restrictive measures, and many experienced a delay in initial diagnosis and initiation of treatment. This has relevant impact on their treatment and consequently has (is still having and potentially will have) an increase on the healthcare service burden of clinics. Furthermore, as a second wave of COVID-19 affects Europe, and with winter approaching, it is a compelling priority to ensure easy and rapid access to appropriate assessment, care and treatment in the event of a new outbreak and potential subsequent lockdowns, with particular attention to the development of specific healthcare technologies customized to older persons with cognitive impairment.
Introduction
Since the first case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) was reported and confirmed in Wuhan in December 2019 (1) there have been a series of governments' restrictive measures worldwide to reduce the spread of the pandemic. In Italy, according to article 13 of the law decree number 14 of the march 9th 2020 of the President of the Italian Republic, each region had the possibility to suspend all non-urgent healthcare services. Consequently, elective procedures and appointments were canceled throughout the national territory.
Many countries have employed similar restrictive measures (2–4) and have made changes to the routine management of patients with non-communicable diseases [e.g., canceling “so-called” non-urgent appointments, which have important implications for the identification and treatment, and therefore for the progression of these chronic conditions (5)]. Although the focus on procedures to urgently slow SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and minimize the number of infected individuals has extreme importance, it has short- and long-term negative consequences on health and well-being of patients with non-communicable diseases, including neurocognitive disorders (NCD) (6–10).
In particular, this may affect not only the diagnosis of new-onset mild and major NCD but also have a potential negative effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms, medication adherence, and disease progression (11). In fact, many surveys have been structured to measure these aspects, specifically in patients during the appointment suspension and for future quarantines (12, 13). Until the pandemic is under regulation control, we will be unable to establish the extent that the postponement of routine clinical care has on persons with mild and major NCD.
In Italy, different types of health and socio-health services are available for people with NCD. According to the Observatory of Dementias from the Italian National Institute of Health there are 591 memory clinic in the whole country (data from the 2015 census) and more than three million people are directly involved in the formal and informal care of individuals with Alzheimer's disease nationwide (14). It is, therefore, of utmost importance to assess the impact of the pandemic-related changes to routine clinical management of persons with NCD.
In the present study we focused on patients with NCD whose neuropsychiatric care changed due to the first COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, we aimed at comparing the appointments that were performed during the lockdown period (January to April 2020) to the same period of the previous year. In addition, based on the requests' reason, we classified the appointments into “first-time” and “follow-up” to determine how many people would experience a delay in receiving a new diagnosis, because of first-time appointment missed, and to estimate how many routine clinical follow-up care has been disrupted.
Materials and Methods
The memory clinic of the Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS is an outpatient clinic where patients with mild and major NCD are referred. Typically, after a first-time appointment, which includes psychiatric, neurological and neuropsychological assessment, patients attend follow-up appointments in which they are generally diagnosed using blood sampling, neuroimaging and other procedures and, if appropriate, prescribed therapy that is confirmed or gradually adjusted. Each appointment is recorded in a comprehensive dataset under strict administrative control.
In the present study, we verified the number of patients with scheduled appointments at the memory clinic at the Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS from January to April 2020. We then recorded the number of appointments that were canceled due to the government-enforced reduction of non-urgent healthcare services in Italy during the lockdown and compared these numbers with the appointments in the corresponding months of the previous year (January-April 2019). Records were independently checked by two neuropsychologists to determine whether the examination was (i) a follow-up appointment in patients already attending the memory clinic, (ii) a first-time appointment, and (iii) the reasons for requesting a first appointment.
Statistical Analysis
We compared the number of daily appointments conducted in the same period in 2019 and 2020 (January—April) using a z-test (α = 0.05) to determine statistically significant differences between proportions.
Results
Figure 1 shows the number of daily appointments conducted in the same months of 2019 and 2020 (January to April). We quantified a considerable decrease in appointments specifically during March-April 2020 and the vast majority of scheduled appointments were follow-up (Table 1). In such period, a total of 251 scheduled appointments were canceled (follow-up N = 211; first-time N = 40). Figure 2 reports the proportion of canceled appointments (first-time and follow-up) in 2019 compared to 2020. Specifically, March and April show an increase in canceled appointments in 2020 compared to the previous year with 70.4% and 84.4% of follow-up appointments respectively, while only 17.3% and 27.3% were canceled in the same periods in 2019. Further, 76.2% (March) and 57.1% (April) of first-time appointments were canceled in 2020 respect to the 36.4% and 23.7% in the same months in 2019. In general, 72% of patients missed out their appointments during the lockdown period (i.e. 66.7% first-time and 77.4% of follow-up). There was a significant difference in the proportion of canceled follow-up (p < 0.001) and first-time (p = 0.001) appointments respectively in March and April 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. As shown in Table 2 (Reasons for scheduling a first-time appointment at the memory clinic), most patients (85.2%) were referred to our clinic for the first-time for a new diagnostic evaluation, while the remaining were either patients enrolled in clinical trials or those who already had a dementia diagnosis but require the adjustment or initiation of pharmacological treatment. Almost half of the first-time appointments were for people with cognitive disturbance that requires evaluation.
Figure 1. Number of daily appointments conducted during January–April 2019 and 2020.
Table 1. Number of appointments scheduled and conducted during 2019 and 2020.
Figure 2. Proportion of canceled appointments in 2019 compared to 2020.
Table 2. Reasons for scheduling a first-time appointment at the memory clinic.
Discussion
The COVID-19 outbreak dramatically hit Italy at the end of January 2020 and the government's restrictive measures included in the decree number 14 resulted in the cancelation of the majority of appointments in memory clinics. Our data highlight that many patients with pre-existing NCD missed potentially important follow-up appointments, and that a substantial number of first-time visit NCD had a delay in diagnoses. Considering the high prevalence of behavioral disorders in patients with NCD (e.g., depression, apathy, psychomotor, and psychotic syndromes), that 60% of NCD patients reported a rapid increase during quarantine (12) and that they are associated with acceleration of cognitive decline (15), such a delay in diagnosis and treatment may have serious consequences on patient outcomes. Moreover, these estimates suggest that the reduction in services will result in a large influx of first-time appointments (previously scheduled ones plus new first-time appointments) with a consequent lengthening of waiting lists and increased burden on already stretched healthcare services.
It is possibly premature to estimate the long-term effects that patients will experience as a result of missing their routine appointments. We, however, are confident that a number of patients will experience a worsening of symptoms due to lack of pharmacological control or support from psychologists and psychiatrists (16, 17). Moreover, the social restrictions and increased isolation may lead to increased negative effects on memory disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms of older people with NCD (18, 19). In fact, recent data on this topic reported an increase of behavioral symptoms in elderly with dementia (8–10). It is also possible that there may be an increased need for assessment of new patients in geriatric psychiatry settings as a result of the negative consequence of quarantine and social distancing measures. In fact, psychological symptoms due to stressor events can contribute to cognitive decline (20) and social isolation, reduced social network, and loneliness can lead to generalized anxiety and major depression disorders in older individuals (21–23). Further, during lockdown it is likely that many older persons reduced their physical activity levels (5), which may impair symptoms; for example, cardiorespiratory fitness is also associated with cognitive functioning in older persons (24). This scenario may exacerbate psychological distress in caregivers, condition which may further worsen patients' behavioral symptoms, acting in a vicious loop of mutual increase of psychiatric burden (9).
NCD is a major public health concern and timely diagnosis is important for improving the course of illness and initiating appropriate therapeutics and care planning. Our study provides some absolute numbers in terms of how many patients who needed a first-time neuropsychiatric diagnostic evaluation in our clinic missed out on personalized care during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, a total of 72% of patients that scheduled an appointment during March and April 2020 missed it, with approximately a quarter of these being new patients, most of whom were referred for diagnostic evaluation. Diagnoses are made as a result of a process which usually takes time, in which the patient undergoes a series of procedures in order to gradually identify underlying pathologies. This means that, as a parallel effect, there will be a delay in diagnosing new cases of NCD, which may affect treatment and progression of the disorders as well as access to health and social care services (25).
In the current public health emergency, Italy was generally unprepared for digital healthcare approaches for managing patients, although some other countries had better training and facilities to keep in touch with patients remotely (26–28). Across the EU Member States there are still two fifths (40%) of older people (aged 65–74 years) who have never used a computer and this number is higher than two thirds in Italy (29). The low percentage of older people who are able to use technology (e.g., personal computer, internet, and other devices) is a barrier in terms of digitalization of medicine in Italy. However, the other obstacle is that only a small percentage of Italian medical services are equipped and trained to use healthcare technologies. So even if technology use increases in older persons, the healthcare system may not be able to provide digital medical support in a large number of cases (30).
Several pilot projects have focused on the usability of different types of technologies for older people with mild and major NCD in test laboratories or at home (e.g., PETAL and ReMember-Me projects, within Active & Assisted Living Programme - Horizon 2020); what emerged is a benefit for both patients and their caregivers, especially in terms of quality of life, occupational performance, and human dignity (31–33). In general, the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) by people with NCD is well-tolerated if devices are specifically designed to be easy to use for the target users and if they receive adequate training in order to learn how to use the technology and avoid issues due to their cognitive problems (34). Thus, one priority area for preparing Italy for potential future outbreaks of COVID-19 is to design and develop telemedicine solutions for individuals with cognitive impairment [i.e., remote memory clinics (35)], and to prepare adequate training for both healthcare professionals and patients.
Some limitations of the study should be discussed. The data only provide information about one memory clinic. It would be interesting to compare present data with those of others memory clinics in Italy or Europe. However, all Italian outpatient clinics adhered to the same government guidelines during the pandemic, which suggests that our results may be generalizable to those of the others. However, there may be differences in other countries depending on their infection-control strategy, especially in less developed countries. Therefore, our findings may not be fully applicable to low- or middle-income countries. Research in the short-term should focus on what effect the appointment cancelations had on patients in terms of their disease progression, cognitive functioning, and behavioral symptoms. Currently, healthcare professionals in the Italian National Health System are urgently trying to ease the backlog of patients by rescheduling canceled appointments. These efforts are still ongoing and continued infection-control limitations mean that many patients still have not returned for a clinical examination. Further, it will be interesting to compare disease and symptom progression in patients from countries that employed different policies to cope with the pandemic. Future research also needs to urgently develop and assess digital and telehealth alternatives with the aim to avoid the adverse consequence of a new period of social lockdown. In particular, it is important to find long-term alternatives to face-to-face outpatient services, potentially ICT and telehealth solutions that can support both patients and caregivers remotely (36–42). These solutions need to be user-friendly for people with cognitive and sensory impairment, for example including intuitive interface, clear and understandable symbols, big fonts, fewer commands and with colors that could help patients to remember different functions (43, 44). In general, telemedicine can reduce the risk for the development of negative outcomes in mental health precipitated by the reduction of social contact and less access to health services, improving dementia symptoms management like psychological and behavioral symptoms (45).
Conclusion
As expected, the data from our memory clinic in Rome showed that a large number of patients with NCD missed potentially important follow-up appointments during the pandemic, and many will experience a delay in initial diagnosis and beginning of treatment. Since COVID-19 continues to make its presence felt in healthcare all over the world, it is a compelling priority to ensure an easy and rapid access to appropriate assessment, care, and treatment in the event of a new outbreak and potential lockdown. Hence, a great challenge now is to convert this global emergency into a source of change that will see an implementation of telemedicine use by the healthcare system, alongside to traditional face-to-face medicine, developing specific technologies customized to older persons with cognitive impairment.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author Contributions
GS and KP conceived the structure and content of the paper. DEP, NB, and KP wrote the paper. NB and VC provided revisions of the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus—China. World Health Organization, disease uotbreak news. (2020).
2. Tuite AR, Ng V, Rees E, Fisman D. Estimation of COVID-19 outbreak size in Italy. Lancet Infect Dis. (2020) 20:537. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30227-9
3. Ceylan Z. Estimation of COVID-19 prevalence in Italy, Spain, and France. Sci Total Environ. (2020) 729:138817. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138817
4. Sjödin H, Wilder-Smith A, Osman S, Farooq Z, Rocklöv J. Only strict quarantine measures can curb the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Italy, 2020. Euro Surveill. (2020) 25:2000280. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000280
5. Palmer K, Monaco A, Kivipelto M, Onder G, Maggi S, Michel JP, et al. The potential long-term impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on patients with non-communicable diseases in Europe: consequences for healthy aging. Aging Clin Exp Res. (2020) 32:1189–94. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01601-4
6. Atalan A. Is the lockdown important to prevent the COVID-9 pandemic? Effects on psychology, environment and economy-perspective. Ann Med Surg. (2020) 56:38–52. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.010
7. Piano C, Di Stasio E, Primiano G, Janiri D, Luigetti M, Frisullo G, et al. An Italian neurology outpatient clinic facing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: data from 2,167 patients. Front Neurol. (2020) 11:564. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00564
8. Cohen G, Russo MJ, Campos JA, Allegri RF. COVID-19 epidemic in Argentina: worsening of behavioral symptoms in elderly subjects with dementia living in the community. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:866. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00866
9. Cagnin A, Di Lorenzo R, Marra C, Bonanni L, Cupidi C, Laganà V, et al. Behavioral and psychological effects of coronavirus disease-19 quarantine in patients with dementia. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:578015. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578015
10. Simonetti A, Pais C, Jones M, Cipriani MC, Janiri D, Monti L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly with dementia during COVID-19 pandemic: definition, treatment, and future directions. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:579842. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579842
11. Bersano A, Pantoni L. On being a neurologist in Italy at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. Neurology. (2020) 94:905–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009508
12. Lombardo FL, Salvi E, Lacorte E, Piscopo P, Mayer F, Ancidoni A, et al. Adverse events in Italian nursing homes during the COVID-19 epidemic: a national survey. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:578465. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578465
13. Porcari DE, Palmer K, Spalletta G, Ciullo V, Banaj N. A survey for examining the effects of COVID-19 and infection control measures in older persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia and their caregivers. Front Aging Psychiaty. (2020) 11:599851. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599851
14. Prince M, Comas-Herrera A, Knapp M, Guerchet M, Karagiannidou M. World Alzheimer Report 2016: Improving Healthcare for People Living With Dementia. London: Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) (2016).
15. Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. (2010) 18:1026–35. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d6b68d
16. Brown EE, Kumar S, Rajji TK, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH. Anticipating and mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. (2020) 28:712–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010
17. Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Girardi P, Gianni W, Casini AR, Palmer K. The role of persistent and incident major depression on rate of cognitive deterioration in newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease patients. Psychiatry Res. (2012) 198:263–8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.018
18. Lara E, Caballero FF, Rico-Uribe LA, Olaya B, Haro JM, Ayuso-Mateos JL, et al. Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. (2019) 34:1613–22. doi: 10.1002/gps.5174
19. Kharicha K, Iliffe S, Manthorpe J, Chew-Graham CA, Cattan M, Goodman C, et al. What do older people experiencing loneliness think about primary care or community based interventions to reduce loneliness? A qualitative study in England. Health Soc Care Community. (2017) 25:1733–42. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12438
20. Song H, Sieurin J, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Almqvist C, Larsson H, et al. Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. JAMA Neurol. (2020) 77:700–9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0117
21. Domènech-Abella J, Mundó J, Haro JM, Rubio-Valera M. Anxiety, depression, loneliness and social network in the elderly: longitudinal associations from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). J Affect Disord. (2019) 246:82-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.043
22. Parlapani E, Holeva V, Nikopoulou VA, Sereslis K, Athanasiadou M, Godosidis A, et al. Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:842. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
23. Robb CE, de Jager CA, Ahmadi-Abhari S, Giannakopoulou P, Udeh-Momoh C, McKeand J, et al. Associations of social isolation with anxiety and depression during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a survey of older adults in London, UK. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:591120. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120
24. Pentikäinen H, Savonen K, Ngandu T, Solomon A, Komulainen P, Paajanen T, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition: longitudinal associations in the FINGER study. J Alzheimer's Dis. (2019) 68:961–8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180897
25. Rasmussen J, Langerman H. Alzheimer's disease—why we need early diagnosis. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. (2019) 9:123–30. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S228939
26. Mann DM, Chen J, Chunara R, Testa PA. Nov O. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: evidence from the field. J Am Med Inform Assoc. (2020) 27:1132–5. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa072
27. Hong Z, Li N, Li D, Li J, Li B, Xiong W, et al. Telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences from Western China. J Med Internet Res. (2020) 22:e19577. doi: 10.2196/19577
28. Vidal-Alaball J, Acosta-Roja R, Pastor Hernández N, Sanchez Luque U, Morrison D, Narejos Pérez S, et al. Telemedicine in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Atencion Primaria. (2020) 52:418–22. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2020.04.003
29. European Commission—Eurostat. Ageing Europe—looking at the lives of older people in the EU. Luxembourg: European Union. (2019).
30. Omboni S. Telemedicine during the COVID-19 in Italy: a missed opportunity? Telemed J E Health. (2020) 26:973–5. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0106
31. Magnusson L, Berthold H, Chambers M, Brito L, Emery D, Daly T. Using telematics with older people: the ACTION project. Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older persons' Needs. Nurs Stand. (1998) 13:36–40. doi: 10.7748/ns1998.10.13.5.36.c2543
32. Hattink BJ, Meiland FJ, Overmars-Marx T, de Boer M, Ebben PW, van Blanken M, et al. The electronic, personalizable Rosetta system for dementia care: exploring the user-friendliness, usefulness and impact. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. (2016) 11:61–71. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2014.932022
33. Augusto JC, Zheng H, Mulvenna M, Wang H, Carswell W, Jeffers P. Design and Modelling of the Nocturnal AAL Care System. In: Novais P, Preuveneers D, Corchado JM, editors. Ambient Intelligence - Software and Applications. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, Vol. 92. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer (2011). p. 109–16. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-19937-0_14
34. Holthe T, Halvorsrud L, Karterud D, Hoel KA, Lund A. Usability and acceptability of technology for community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic literature review. Clin Interv Aging. (2018) 13:863–86. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S154717
35. Owens AP, Ballard C, Beigi M, Kalafatis C, Brooker H, Lavelle G, et al. Implementing remote memory clinics to enhance clinical care during and after COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:579934. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579934
36. Smith GE. Everyday technologies across the continuum of dementia care. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. Osaka (2013). doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6611179
37. Powell J, Chiu T, Eysenbach G. A systematic review of networked technologies supporting carers of people with dementia. J Telemed Telecare. (2008) 14:154–6. doi: 10.1258/jtt.2008.003018
38. Glueckauf RL, Ketterson TU, Loomis JS, Dages P. Online support and education for dementia caregivers: overview, utilization, and initial program evaluation. Telemed e-Health. (2004) 10:223–32. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2004.10.223
39. Lee JH, Kim JH, Jhoo JH, Lee KU, Kim KW, Lee DY, et al. A telemedicine system as a care modality for dementia patients in Korea. Alzheimer Dis Associated Disord. (2000) 14:94–101. doi: 10.1097/00002093-200004000-00007
40. Lindauer A, Seelye A, Lyons B, Dodge HH, Mattek N, Mincks K, et al. Dementia care comes home: patient and caregiver assessment via telemedicine. Gerontologist. (2017) 57:e85–93. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw206
41. Kim H, Jhoo JH, Jang JW. The effect of telemedicine on cognitive decline in patients with dementia. J Telemed Telecare. (2017) 23:149–54. doi: 10.1177/1357633X15615049
42. Monaco A, Maggi S, De Cola P, Hassan TA, Palmer K, Donde S. Information and communication technology for increasing healthy ageing in people with non-communicable diseases: identifying challenges and further areas for development. Aging Clin Exp Res. (2019) 31:1689–93. doi: 10.1007/s40520-019-01258-8
43. Wu HC. Electronic paper display preferred viewing distance and character size for different age groups. Ergonomics. (2011) 54:806–14. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2011.600775
44. Chen K, Chan AHS. Gerontechnology acceptance by elderly Hong Kong Chinese: a senior technology acceptance model (STAM). Ergonomics. (2014) 57:635–52. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2014.895855
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, neurocognitive disorders, non-communicable disease, NCD
Citation: Spalletta G, Porcari DE, Banaj N, Ciullo V and Palmer K (2020) Effects of COVID-19 Infection Control Measures on Appointment Cancelation in an Italian Outpatient Memory Clinic. Front. Psychiatry 11:599844. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599844
Received: 28 August 2020; Accepted: 02 November 2020;
Published: 30 November 2020.
Edited by:
Debanjan Banerjee, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), IndiaReviewed by:
Delfina Janiri, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyNaga VSS Gorthi, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2020 Spalletta, Porcari, Banaj, Ciullo and Palmer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gianfranco Spalletta, Zy5zcGFsbGV0dGEmI3gwMDA0MDtoc2FudGFsdWNpYS5pdA==
†These authors share first authorship