AUTHOR=De Oliveira Clariana V. R. , Rasheed Muneera , Yousafzai Aisha K. 

TITLE=Chronic Maternal Depressive Symptoms Are Associated With Reduced Socio-Emotional Development in Children at 2 Years of Age: Analysis of Data From an Intervention Cohort in Rural Pakistan

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00859

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00859

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Maternal depression affects a high proportion of women during the antenatal and postnatal period in low- and middle-income countries. While maternal depression is recognized as a significant risk for poor early child development that warrants interventions, the effects of chronic maternal depression on children’s development are less understood.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> To determine the association of chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms and early child development in a rural population in southern Pakistan.</p><p><bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This study employs data from the “Pakistan Early Child Development Scale-Up Trial,” a randomized controlled study that evaluated the integration of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in a community health service. In the present analysis, linear regression was used to test the effects of chronicity of high maternal depressive symptoms on children’s early development (n = 1205 mother-infant dyads). Children’s development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development at 24 months of age. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and every 6 months using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> No significant associations were observed between chronic maternal depressive symptoms and child cognitive, language, or motor development after adjusting for parental characteristics, the caregiving environment and socioeconomic variables. A negative significant association between chronicity of high maternal depressive symptoms and child socio-emotional development (β coefficient −2.57, 95% CI: −5.14; −0.04) was observed after adjusting for the selected variables.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> The results suggest that interventions designed to promote early child development should also integrate repeat screening for depression and longer-term psychosocial support for mothers.</p>