AUTHOR=Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Granero Roser , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , Stinchfield Randy , Tremblay Joel , Steward Trevor , Mestre-Bach Gemma , Lozano-Madrid María , Mena-Moreno Teresa , Mallorquí-Bagué Núria , Perales José C. , Navas Juan F. , Soriano-Mas Carles , Aymamí Neus , Gómez-Peña Mónica , Agüera Zaida , del Pino-Gutiérrez Amparo , Martín-Romera Virginia , Menchón José M. 

TITLE=Phenotypes in Gambling Disorder Using Sociodemographic and Clinical Clustering Analysis: An Unidentified New Subtype?

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00173

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00173

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Gambling disorder (GD) is a heterogeneous disorder which has clinical manifestations that vary according to variables in each individual. Considering the importance of the application of specific therapeutic interventions, it is essential to obtain clinical classifications based on differentiated phenotypes for patients diagnosed with GD.</p><p><bold>Objectives:</bold> To identify gambling profiles in a large clinical sample of <italic>n</italic> = 2,570 patients seeking treatment for GD.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method defining a combination of the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion and log-likelihood was used, considering a large set of variables including sociodemographic, gambling, psychopathological, and personality measures as indicators.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Three-mutually-exclusive groups were obtained. Cluster 1 (<italic>n</italic> = 908 participants, 35.5%), labeled as “high emotional distress,” included the oldest patients with the longest illness duration, the highest GD severity, and the most severe levels of psychopathology. Cluster 2 (<italic>n</italic> = 1,555, 60.5%), labeled as “mild emotional distress,” included patients with the lowest levels of GD severity and the lowest levels of psychopathology. Cluster 3 (<italic>n</italic> = 107, 4.2%), labeled as “moderate emotional distress,” included the youngest patients with the shortest illness duration, the highest level of education and moderate levels of psychopathology.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> In this study, the general psychopathological state obtained the highest importance for clustering.</p>