Frontier AI Regulation: What form should it take?

Petar Radanliev ^*

• University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Frontier AI systems, including large-scale machine learning models and autonomous decision-making technologies, are deployed across critical sectors such as finance, healthcare, and national security. These present new cyber-risks, including adversarial exploitation, data integrity threats, and legal ambiguities in accountability. The absence of a unified regulatory framework has led to inconsistencies in oversight, creating vulnerabilities that can be exploited at scale. By integrating perspectives from cybersecurity, legal studies, and computational risk assessment, this research evaluates regulatory strategies for addressing AI-specific threats, such as model inversion attacks, data poisoning, and adversarial manipulations that undermine system reliability. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of domestic and international AI policies, assessing their effectiveness in managing emerging threats. Additionally, the study explores the role of cryptographic techniques, such as homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs, in enhancing compliance, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring algorithmic accountability. Findings indicate that current regulatory efforts are fragmented and reactive, lacking the necessary provisions to address the evolving risks associated with frontier AI. The study advocates for a structured regulatory framework that integrates security-first governance models, proactive compliance mechanisms, and coordinated global oversight to mitigate AI-driven threats. The investigation considers that we do not live in a world where most countries seem to be wishing to follow our ideals, for various reasons (competitiveness, geo-political dominations, hybrid warfare, loss of attractiveness of the European model in the Big South, etc.), and in the wake of this particular trend, this research presents a regulatory blueprint that balances technological advancement with decentralised security enforcement (i.e., blockchain).