AUTHOR=Heyder Aribert , Anstötz Pascal , Eisentraut Marcus , Schmidt Peter TITLE=“20 Years After…” GFE 2.0: A Theoretical Revision and Empirical Testing of the Concept of “Group-Focused Enmity” Based on Longitudinal Data JOURNAL=Frontiers in Political Science VOLUME=4 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.752810 DOI=10.3389/fpos.2022.752810 ISSN=2673-3145 ABSTRACT=
Conceptually, “group-focused enmity” (GFE, long-term project in Germany, duration: 2002–2011) consists of several different attitudes that constitute a syndrome of group-focused enmity. These attitudes are empirically related to each other and share a common core which is the ideology of inequality. But is GFE really a one-dimensional homogeneous ideology? Over the years there have been considerable doubts about this fundamental assumption. We have two central theoretical argumentations for explicating and revising the concept of GFE. The first is based on the social psychological literature regarding differences between ideologies, attitudes, stereotypes and social prejudices. The second arises from one of the basic conceptual ideas of the GFE project, which states that depending on the respective societies different specific groups become targets of devaluation and discrimination. Therefore, we propose a revised version of the GFE syndrome as a two-dimensional concept: an ideology of inequality (generalized attitudes) and social prejudice (specific attitudes). The measurement models are strictly empirically tested using data from the