Hybrid zones in the European Alps impact the phylogeography of alpine vicariant willow species (Salix L.)

Loïc Pittet ^1* Pia Marinček ¹ Piotr Kosiński ² Natascha D. Wagner ¹ Elvira Hörandl ^1*

• ¹ Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
• ² Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Greater Poland, Poland

Introduction. In the European Alps, Pleistocene climate oscillations resulted in geographical range expansions and restrictions of species. Postglacial recolonizations often result in secondary contact hybridization of vicariant species, thereby creating hybrid zones with patterns of introgression. Here, we compare the genetic structure of two secondary contact hybrid zones between two vicariant willow species pairs occurring in the European Alpine System. Supplemented by morphological and ecological data, we try to understand the factors shaping the hybrid zones and their influence on geographical range filling patterns. Methods. RAD sequencing and morphometric data were used to characterize biogeographical history, genetic diversity and the hybrid zone of each species pair. Vegetation relevés and species distribution models provided ecological context and support. Key results. Results suggest that recolonization of the Alps happened from peripheral glacial refugia, resulting in broad secondary contact zones in the Eastern Alps in both species pairs. Both hybrid zones show introgression, but differ in symmetry and intensity of gene flow, in the type of introgressed loci, and in the geographical range. Habitat preferences and species distribution models do not indicate ecological barriers to recolonization. Conclusions. Hybrid zones do not only affect the genetic structure of species by gene flow and introgression, but also appear to impact the biogeographical patterns of species.