AUTHOR=Zhao Lu-Qiu , Liu Yang , Huang Qi , Gao Shan , Huang Mei-Juan , Huang Hai-quan 

TITLE=Effects of cell morphology, physiology, biochemistry and CHS genes on four flower colors of Impatiens uliginosa

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2024.1343830

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2024.1343830

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Flower color is one of the important ornamental traits in the plants, which plays an active role in attracting pollinators to pollinate plants and reproduce their offspring. The flower color of <italic>Impatiens uliginosa</italic> is rich, there are four main flower colors in nature: deep red, red, pink, and white. However, it remains unclear whether on four different flower colors mechanism of <italic>I. uliginosa</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We investigate colorimetric measurement, observation of epidermal cells, cellular pH determination, extraction and determination of total anthocyanins and flavonoid, semi-quantitative determination of pigment components, and gene cloning and qRT-PCR of <italic>CHS</italic> genes to study four  flower colors of <italic>I. uliginosa</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The <italic>L<sup>*</sup></italic> and <italic>b<sup>*</sup></italic> values were the highest in white flower, while the <italic>a<sup>*</sup></italic> values were the highest in pink flower. The same shape of epidermal cells was observed in different flower colors, which was all irregular flat polygons, and there were partial lignification. Their cellular pH values were weakly acidic, while the pH values of the deep red flower was the highest and the white flower was the lowest. The highest pigment content of the four flower colors was total anthocyanin content. And malvidin-3-galactosidechloride (C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>25</sub>ClO<sub>12</sub>), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>21</sub>O<sub>11</sub>) and delphinidin (C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) were the main pigment components affecting the color of  four different flower colors. The anthocyanin synthesis gene <italic>IuCHS</italic> was expressed in four flowers, and all three copies of it had the highest expression level in pink flower and the lowest expression level in white flower.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>These results revealed the influence of main internal factors on four different flower colors of <italic>I. uliginosa</italic>, and provided a basis for further understanding of the intracellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower color variation, and laid a foundation for the improvement of flower color breeding of <italic>Impatiens</italic>.</p></sec>