AUTHOR=Zheng Yan , Thi Khin Mar , Lin Lihui , Xie Xiaofang , Khine Ei Ei , Nyein Ei Ei , Lin Min Htay Wai , New Win Win , Aye San San , Wu Weiren 

TITLE=Genome-wide association study of cooking-caused grain expansion in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1250854

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2023.1250854

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Cooking-caused rice grain expansion (CCRGE) is a critical trait for evaluating the cooking quality of rice. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies on CCRGE have been limited to bi-parental populations, which restrict the exploration of natural variation and mapping resolution. To comprehensively and precisely dissect the genetic basis of CCRGE, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on three related indices: grain breadth expansion index (GBEI), grain length expansion index (GLEI), and grain length-breadth ratio expansion index (GREI), using 345 rice accessions grown in two years (environments) and 193,582 SNP markers. By analyzing each environment separately using seven different methods (3VmrMLM, mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, pLARmEB, pKWmEB, ISIS EM-BLASSO), we identified a total of 32, 19 and 27 reliable quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with GBEI, GLEI and GREI, respectively. Furthermore, by jointly analyzing the two environments using 3VmrMLM, we discovered 19, 22 and 25 QTNs, as well as 9, 5 and 7 QTN-by-environment interaction (QEIs) associated with GBEI, GLEI and GREI, respectively. Notably, 12, 9 and 15 QTNs for GBEI, GLEI and GREI were found within the intervals of previously reported QTLs. In the vicinity of these QTNs or QEIs, based on analyses of mutation type, gene ontology classification, haplotype, and expression pattern, we identified five candidate genes that are related to starch synthesis and endosperm development. The five candidate genes, namely, <italic>LOC_Os04g53310</italic> (<italic>OsSSIIIb</italic>, near QTN <italic>qGREI-4.5s</italic>), <italic>LOC_Os05g02070</italic> (<italic>OsMT2b</italic>, near QTN <italic>qGLEI-5.1s</italic>), <italic>LOC_Os06g04200</italic> (<italic>wx</italic>, near QEI <italic>qGBEI-6.1i</italic> and QTNs <italic>qGREI-6.1s</italic> and <italic>qGLEI-6.1t</italic>), <italic>LOC_Os06g12450</italic> (<italic>OsSSIIa</italic>, near QTN <italic>qGLEI-6.2t</italic>), and <italic>LOC_Os08g09230</italic> (<italic>OsSSIIIa</italic>, near QTN <italic>qGBEI-8.1t</italic>), are predicted to be involved in the process of rice grain starch synthesis and to influence grain expansion after cooking. Our findings provide valuable insights and will facilitate genetic research and improvement of CCRGE.</p>