AUTHOR=Zhang Ying , Jiang Kunxia , Chen Sisi , Wang Lina , Zhang Xun , Xu Wen , Yam Mun Fei , Wu Changhui , Xu Wei , Lin Yu 

TITLE=Quality control of Ganoderma lucidum by using C, H, O, and N stable isotopes and C and N contents for geographical traceability

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1234729

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2023.1234729

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=Rationale: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a popular medicinal fungus used in traditional medicine for decades, and its provenance influences its medicinal and commercial worth. The amount of active ingredients and the price of G. lucidum from different origins vary significantly; hence, fraudulent labeling is normal. Reliable techniques for G. lucidum geographic verification are urgently required to safeguard the interests of consumers, producers, and honest dealers. A stable isotope is widely acknowledged as a useful traceability technique, and could be developed to confirm the geographical origin of G. lucidum. Methods: G. lucidum from various sources and stages was distinguished by using δ 13 C, δD, δ 18 O, δ 15 N, C and N contents combined with chemometric tools. Chemometric approaches, including PCA, OPLS-DA, PLS, and FLDA models, were applied to the obtained data. The established models was used to trace the origin of G. lucidum from various sources or track various stages of G. lucidum. Results: In the stage model, the δ 13 C, δD, δ 18 O, δ 15 N, C, and N contents were considered meaningful variables to distinguish various stages (bud development, growth, and maturing) using PCA and OPLS-DA and validated by the PLS model