AUTHOR=Alisawi Osamah , Richert-Pöggeler Katja R. , Heslop-Harrison J.S. (Pat) , Schwarzacher Trude 

TITLE=The nature and organization of satellite DNAs in Petunia hybrida, related, and ancestral genomes

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1232588

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2023.1232588

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The garden petunia, <italic>Petunia hybrida</italic> (Solanaceae) is a fertile, diploid, annual hybrid species (2n=14) originating from <italic>P. axillaris</italic> and <italic>P. inflata</italic> 200 years ago. To understand the recent evolution of the <italic>P. hybrida</italic> genome, we examined tandemly repeated or satellite sequences using bioinformatic and molecular cytogenetic analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Raw reads from available genomic assemblies and survey sequences of <italic>P. axillaris</italic> N (<italic>PaxiN</italic>), <italic>P. inflata</italic> S6, (<italic>PinfS6</italic>), <italic>P. hybrida</italic> (<italic>PhybR27</italic>) and the here sequenced <italic>P. parodii</italic> S7 (<italic>PparS7</italic>) were used for graph and k-mer based cluster analysis of TAREAN and RepeatExplorer. Analysis of repeat specific monomer lengths and sequence heterogeneity of the major tandem repeat families with more than 0.01% genome proportion were complemented by fluorescent <italic>in situ</italic> hybridization (FISH) using consensus sequences as probes to chromosomes of all four species.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Seven repeat families, PSAT1, PSAT3, PSAT4, PSAT5 PSAT6, PSAT7 and PSAT8, shared high consensus sequence similarity and organisation between the four genomes. Additionally, many degenerate copies were present. FISH in <italic>P. hybrida</italic> and in the three wild petunias confirmed the bioinformatics data and gave corresponding signals on all or some chromosomes. PSAT1 is located at the ends of all chromosomes except the 45S rDNA bearing short arms of chromosomes II and III, and we classify it as a telomere associated sequence (TAS). It is the most abundant satellite repeat with over 300,000 copies, 0.2% of the genomes. PSAT3 and the variant PSAT7 are located adjacent to the centromere or mid-arm of one to three chromosome pairs. PSAT5 has a strong signal at the end of the short arm of chromosome III in <italic>P. axillaris</italic> and <italic>P.inflata</italic>, while in <italic>P. hybrida</italic> additional interstitial sites were present. PSAT6 is located at the centromeres of chromosomes II and III. PSAT4 and PSAT8 were found with only short arrays.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>These results demonstrate that (i) repeat families occupy distinct niches within chromosomes, (ii) they differ in the copy number, cluster organization and homogenization events, and that (iii) the recent genome hybridization in breeding <italic>P. hybrida</italic> preserved the chromosomal position of repeats but affected the copy number of repetitive DNA.</p></sec>