Arshad AliEditorial on the Research Topic
Plant diversity and biomass dynamics under environmental variation
Background and aims of the research topic
For assessing the long-term viability of grasslands and forests, it is essential to decipher the effects of environmental drivers (including climate and soil) on plant diversity and biomass dynamics (including above-ground and below-ground parts) and their interconnections in both natural and experimental conditions (van der Plas, 2019; Wang et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2021; Cabon et al., 2022). Although plant diversity and composition (including functional traits) are the main biotic drivers of plant biomass dynamics, environmental factors could have significant impacts on both plant diversity and biomass (Díaz et al., 2007; Chu et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2017; Abbasi et al., 2022). Over the last few decades, most research on plant diversity and biomass has been focused on how niche complementarity, mass ratio, and selection effects play a role in understanding how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be connected in natural and experimental plant communities (van der Plas, 2019; Abbasi et al., 2022). Yet, exploring the pathways by which plants interact with their environment is important in understanding how they grow and produce energy which in turn can affect plant diversity and biomass (Chu et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2017; Michaletz et al., 2018).
Understanding the environmental effects on biotic processes is essential for predicting how climate change will affect ecological processes that have feedback on the plant’s physiological processes (Figure 1; left side) (Chu et al., 2016; Michaletz et al., 2018; Cabon et al., 2022). The plant physiology and ecology concepts suggest that climate factors, such as temperature and precipitation, have several divergent and convergent influences on the productivity and functioning of ecosystems (Corlett, 2016). The photosynthetic rates, respiration rates, and the distribution of plant biomass are the key physiological processes that determine plant development and are directly influenced by temperature and water availability (Brown et al., 2004; Huxman et al., 2004; Chu et al., 2016; Abbasi et al., 2022). Also, climate can influence plant biomass indirectly via adjusting the biodiversity and structure of a community or ecosystem (Poorter et al., 2017; Michaletz et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2021). Many studies have shown that plants suffer more from climate change because of drought and heat which govern the diversity and distribution of plants and the dynamics of their biomass (Corlett, 2016; Bennett et al., 2021; Abbasi et al., 2022). However, it is generally suggested that advancement in research occurs when theoretical and natural observational studies coincide with experimental studies (such as environmental manipulation) (Loreau et al., 2001; Díaz et al., 2007). While researching from both natural observational and experimental viewpoints, we are still not sure if the effects of the environment on plant diversity and biomass are the same for every ecosystem. Furthermore, there is little research on these consequences on a worldwide level.
Figure 1 Conceptual framework showing the scientific scope of this Research Topic (e-book).
Our understanding is still limited, thereby demanding additional research across ecosystems and biomes to investigate how environmental factors affect plant diversity and biomass dynamics in natural and experimental plant communities. This Research Topic provided a platform to collect papers on linking the environment, biodiversity and plant above- and below-ground biomass in grasslands and forests through experimental and natural observational approaches. In doing so, I bring together eight theoretical, observational, and experimental studies in China’s grasslands and forests with two global meta-analyses (see general map in Figure 1). The ten published papers have tested the research questions using advanced statistical models to demonstrate and discuss the drivers and mechanisms of plant diversity and biomass dynamics under experimental environment control and natural conditions.
Contributions of the research topic
Ten publications make up this Research Topic (e-book), including eight original studies from China and two global meta-analyses (see general map in Figure 1), thereby encompassing both forests and grasslands (see Figure 2). The authors of eight original studies evaluated the effects of environmental conditions on plant diversity and biomass as well as their interrelationships through statistical modellings, using original data from control experiments in grassland (Cheng et al.; Liu et al.; Li et al.) and young tree seedling in a greenhouse (Yang et al.), and natural observations in grasslands (Yao et al.; Wang et al.) and forests (Yang et al.; Liang et al.). The two global meta-analyses (Zhang and Xi; Xie et al.) have studied the terrestrial ecosystems in five continents to explore the effects of precipitation on above- and below-ground biomass as well as biodiversity. For a better understanding of the research findings, this e-book can be divided into three main sections, i.e., experimental and natural studies on grasslands (Section 1; Cheng et al.; Liu et al.; Li et al.; Yao et al.; Wang et al.), studies on forests (Section 2; Yang et al.; Yang et al.; Liang et al.), and global meta-analyses on terrestrial ecosystems (Section 3; Zhang and Xi; Xie et al.) (Figure 2). Although the specific research questions of the ten studies included in this Research Topic have investigated the connections between plant diversity and biomass under environmental variation, the broad contributions can be summarized and discussed in the following main points: 1) biotic drivers (e.g., plant traits, coverage, tree sizes and species diversity) of China’s grasslands and forests under environmental controls; 2) effects of precipitation and warming on plant diversity and biomass; and 3) the effects of precipitation on global ecosystem productivity.
Figure 2 Flowchart diagram showing the structure and contributions of this Research Topic (e-book).
Biotic drivers of China’s vegetation biomass under environmental controls
Although several studies have examined the biotic drivers of above-ground biomass in natural forest and grassland ecosystems, further research is needed to improve our understanding of these relationships in grasslands subjected to either environmental manipulation or covering large-scale, and in the tree communities of arid regions (van der Plas, 2019). In this Research Topic, Cheng et al. show that the community-weighted mean (CWM) of plant height and leaf dry matter content promoted whereas leaf area declined above-ground biomass directly under the precipitation manipulation experiments in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, indicating that plant functional trait composition rather than species diversity is the major biotic driver of ecosystem functioning (Díaz et al., 2007; van der Plas, 2019). Moreover, Liu et al. show that, under the growing season precipitation manipulation experiments in the Inner Mongolia steppe, patterns of plant biomass allocation varied significantly between the four dominant grassland species, pointing to morphological differences between plant species, which may explain how biomass is allocated through physiological processes, rates, and scaling rules (Brown et al., 2004; Ma et al., 2021). Interestingly, Li et al. show that, under 9-year soil warming experimental conditions in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, the temporal biomass stability of sedges, which decreased with warming, explained more than two-thirds of the variance in the temporal stability of the entire plant community, indicating that dominant plants better control ecosystem functions than species richness (Díaz et al., 2007; van der Plas, 2019). These experimental studies in Research Topic (Cheng et al.; Liu et al.; Li et al.) show that, under various environmental conditions in grasslands, plant functional traits and dominant functional groups are better predictors of above-ground biomass and even temporal stability than species richness (Díaz et al., 2007; Isbell et al., 2009).
By using the observation data from 123 grassland meta-sites dominated by Leymus chinensis, Yao et al. show that while species richness had negligible effects on above-ground biomass across topographical and climatic gradients, plant coverage promoted and species evenness restricted above-ground biomass (Chu et al., 2016; Grace et al., 2016; Sanaei et al., 2019). However, Wang et al. show that the above- and below-ground biomass of the alpine meadows decreased when plateau pika was present, indicating that herbivore disturbance declines biomass probably due to directly altering plant coverage and species diversity (Archibald et al., 2019; Sanaei et al., 2019). By using the greenhouse experiment on two tree species under well-watered and waterlogging treatments, Yang et al. indicate that biotic interactions shape tree diversity and functioning, thus suggesting that suitable plant species should be selected for plantation and revegetation activities in wetland zones (Paquette and Messier, 2010). In natural forest and planted tree ecosystems in the northwest arid region of China, Yang et al. demonstrate that large plants, species diversity, and tree stand density all increased above-ground biomass in the arid region, which shows that the big-sized trees effect and scaling theory are generalizable to arid regions (Lutz et al., 2018; Ali et al., 2019). These observational studies show that the potential biotic driver of above-ground biomass is plant coverage in grasslands, whereas, in tree ecosystems, large plants do so, indicating that the effects of species richness on ecosystem functioning are overridden by dominant species and functional groups (Díaz et al., 2007; Ali et al., 2019; Sanaei et al., 2019).
Precipitation regulates China’s vegetation directly and indirectly
Although the primary biotic drivers of plant biomass dynamics are plant diversity and composition (including their functional traits), both plant diversity and biomass depend heavily on environmental factors (van der Plas, 2019). In this Research Topic, using the precipitation manipulation experiments in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia in Northern China, Cheng et al. show that plant functional traits (plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry matter content) rather than species diversity regulated variation in above-ground biomass through direct and indirect pathways, thereby suggesting that plant functional traits are mechanistically linking the responses of ecosystem functioning to changing patterns in precipitation (van der Plas, 2019). As such, another study by Liu et al. in Inner Mongolia steppe shows that, by using manipulation experiments based on growing season precipitation, increased growing season precipitation led to a rise in the above-ground, below-ground, and total biomass of four main grassland species, thereby also showing that biomass allocation patterns between species are dependent on the amount of precipitation (Brown et al., 2004; Ma et al., 2021). Interestingly, Li et al. show that under 9-year soil warming experimental conditions in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, the relative AGB of grasses and forbs significantly increased and that of sedges decreased irrespective of the soil moisture effects but depended on annual precipitation, indicating that the temporal stability of plant community is largely governed by the few dominant plant functional groups which mediate the responses of ecosystem functioning and stability to environmental conditions (Isbell et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2019). By using the greenhouse experiment on two tree species under well-watered and waterlogging treatments, Yang et al. show that plant competitive interactions that occur in well-watered environments changed to mutualistic interactions in waterlogged environments, indicating that harsh environmental conditions lead to niche facilitation between tree species for high productivity and functioning (Brooker et al., 2008).
By using the observation data from 123 grassland meta-sites dominated by Leymus chinensis, Yao et al. show that the above-ground biomass was influenced by precipitation and temperature in several ways, both directly and indirectly via the coverage and diversity of plants, indicating that the grasslands of northern China are sensitive to climate change, meaning that an increase in atmospheric heat and a decrease in climatic moisture may decline above-ground biomass (Chu et al., 2016; Grace et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2021). However, Wang et al. show that the above- and below-ground biomass of alpine meadows in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s responded differently to soil variables at sites with and without plateau pika disturbances, suggesting that grazing and herbivore disturbances in grasslands and meadows should be well-controlled and managed to preserve biodiversity over time (Grace et al., 2016; Archibald et al., 2019; Sanaei et al., 2019). In tree ecosystems of China’s northwest arid region, Yang et al. show that big-sized plants respond differently to climatic humidity and soil fertility, and even to species diversity, thereby highlighting the distinct roles that different environmental factors play in shaping the physiological processes of natural and planted large plants, which control plant diversity and above-ground biomass in arid regions (Lutz et al., 2018; Ali et al., 2019). Moreover, Liang et al. show that dove trees at high latitudes tend to have smaller twigs, and they use more resources for stems and leaves but less for flowers, indicating that dove trees adjust their growth and the distribution of twig biomass in response to environmental changes along a latitudinal gradient (Salazar et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2021).
Precipitation regulates global ecosystem productivity
The above- and below-ground biodiversity and ecosystem productivity are regulated by environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature, which provide feedback to climate change (Trenberth et al., 2014). However, it has been increasingly recognized that precipitation patterns can have a big impact on ecosystem biodiversity, structure, and functions as it affects climatic and edaphic water availability (Chu et al., 2016; van der Plas, 2019; Abbasi et al., 2022). However, several issues, including (1) assessing patterns of combined responses of soils and plants to climatic conditions, and (2) intra-annual rainfall patterns and their influence on the biodiversity and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, remain unresolved at a wide geographical scale. In this Research Topic, by using meta-data from 32 global sites, located in Asia, North America, Africa and Oceania, Zhang and Xi show that both above- and below-ground plant biomass as well as soil microbial biomass can react asynchronously to changes in precipitation, thus it is crucial to investigate the plant-soil feedback to comprehend how environmental changes affect grassland ecosystems. In addition, by using meta-data from 19 global sites across 6 major biomes, located in Asia, North America and Oceania, Xie et al. show that the above-ground plant production was enhanced by the regularity of precipitation, while below-ground plant growth was promoted by the varying patterns of precipitation, thus suggesting the importance of precipitation event timing uniformity and heterogeneity on ecosystem functioning.
The two global or large-scale meta-analyses (Zhang and Xi; Xie et al.) included in this Research Topic, contribute several important findings and cover the knowledge gaps for linking above- and below-ground biomass with environmental factors across terrestrial ecosystems. Both meta-analyses agree with the key finding that precipitation is an important environmental factor to regulate the responses of biodiversity and ecosystem productivity to drought and heat, i.e., climate change. Also, Zhang and Xi provide evidence that the asynchrony between above-ground and below-ground production, as well as microbial biomass carbon, is mediated by plant biomass allocation, thereby supporting the optimal allocation theory and emphasising that understanding the consequences of precipitation changes on grassland ecosystems may require understanding the plant-soil feedback (Brown et al., 2004; van der Plas, 2019; Ma et al., 2021). Also, Xie et al. emphasize that not only ecosystem productivity but also community structure and biodiversity respond to changes in precipitation patterns, thereby indicating that the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is context-dependent which should be further studied at large spatial scales under different environmental conditions (Poorter et al., 2017; Ali et al., 2019; van der Plas, 2019; Abbasi et al., 2022). The findings of these meta-analyses also agree with both experimental and observational studies, included in this Research topic, conducted in China’s grasslands and forests, thereby supporting the general notion that climatic and soil humidity matter for higher biodiversity and productivity in most cases.
Concluding remarks and future directions
Most of the ten published studies (particularly the original eight studies), in this Research Topic, focused on the effects of species diversity, however, functional trait identity, plant coverage, the existence of a particular functional group, and big-sized plants were often better predictors of ecosystem productivity (i.e., plant biomass). Furthermore, the majority of research suggests that climatic water availability increased but warming restricted plant diversity and ecosystem productivity, and thus ecosystem stability. Conservation should thus not just support plant diversity and biomass in general but also the environmental factors that favor species with optimal functional traits to jointly enhance those ecosystem diversity, structure, functions, and processes that support human well-being.
Studies in this Research Topic explored the effects of environmental factors on plant diversity and the biomass stock of both above- and below-ground portions of an ecosystem. However, future studies should focus on plant diversity- ecosystem multifunctionality which is a less debated topic in the current global ecological literature. Moreover, to better understand the environmental drivers of plant diversity and biomass dynamics, further research is largely needed to clearly consider the plant’s physiological and metabolic processes in both experimental and large-scale observational studies. Moreover, it is very important to explore the unexplored forest and grassland ecosystems of the world to better understand the consequences of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and productivity under global climate change. For future research in well-explored ecosystems, it is crucial to address advanced research questions using an interdisciplinary approach by combining plant biology and climatology. This can have significant implications for science, practice, and policy to better understand how global climate change and biodiversity loss affect both people and nature.
Author contributions
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.
Funding
My research work is supported by Hebei University (Grant No. 521100221033).
Acknowledgments
I appreciate Frontiers in Plant Science’s editorial staff for the invitation to lead and edit this Research Topic and for their ongoing support. I am indebted to several handling editors and reviewers who contributed to the successful evaluation of the papers for this Research Topic. My sincere gratitude goes to the authors and my colleagues for their contributions to this Research Topic. The unwavering support of my research team is greatly appreciated. Graphical designs were created in the paid premium version of BioRender by the author of this editorial.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: aboveground biomass, biodiversity, belowground biomass, ecological mechanisms, environmental factors, forests, grasslands
Citation: Ali A (2023) Editorial: Plant diversity and biomass dynamics under environmental variation. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1159695. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1159695
Received: 06 February 2023; Accepted: 10 March 2023;
Published: 20 March 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Lucian Copolovici, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, RomaniaCopyright © 2023 Ali. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Arshad Ali, YXJzaGFkZm9yZXN0ZXJAZ21haWwuY29t; YXJzaGFkZm9yZXN0ZXJAaGJ1LmVkdS5jbg==
†ORCID: Arshad Ali, orcid.org/0000-0001-9966-2917