The application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRN) has become an important production method to achieve high crop yield and ecological safety. However, the rate of urea-blended CRN for rice is usually determined by conventional urea, and the actual rate is still unclear.
A five-year field experiment was carried out in the Chaohu watershed in the Yangtze River Delta to study rice yield, N fertilizer utilization efficiency (NUE), ammonia (NH3) volatilization and economic benefit under the four urea-blended CRN treatments with a 4:3:3 ratio applied at one time (60, 120, 180, 240 kg/hm2, CRN60, CRN120, CRN180, CRN240), four conventional N fertilizer treatments (N60, N120, N180, N240) and a control without N fertilizer (N0).
The results showed that the N released from the blended CRNs could well satisfy the N demand of rice growth. Similar to the conventional N fertilizer treatments, a quadratic equation was used to model the relationship between rice yield and N rate under the blended CRN treatments. The blended CRN treatments increased rice yield by 0.9-8.2% and NUE by 6.9-14.8%, respectively, compared with the conventional N fertilizer treatments at the same N application rate. The increase in NUE in response to applied blended CRN was related to the reduction in NH3 volatilization. Based on the quadratic equation, the five-year average NUE under the blended CRN treatment was 42.0% when rice yield reached the maximum, which was 28.9% higher than that under the conventional N fertilizer treatment. Among all treatments, CRN180 had the highest yield and net benefit in 2019. Considering the yield output, environmental loss, labor and fertilizer costs, the optimum economic N rate under the blended CRN treatment in the Chaohu watershed was 180-214 kg/hm2, compared with 212-278 kg/hm2 under the conventional N fertilizer treatment. The findings suggest that blended CRN improved rice yield, NUE and economic income while decreasing NH3 volatilization and negative environmental outcomes.