AUTHOR=Cardoza Rosa E. , Mayo-Prieto Sara , Martínez-Reyes Natalia , McCormick Susan P. , Carro-Huerga Guzmán , Campelo M. Piedad , Rodríguez-González Álvaro , Lorenzana Alicia , Proctor Robert H. , Casquero Pedro A. , Gutiérrez Santiago 

TITLE=Effects of trichothecene production by Trichoderma arundinaceum isolates from bean-field soils on the defense response, growth and development of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1005906

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2022.1005906

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>The trichothecene toxin-producing fungus <italic>Trichoderma arundinaceum</italic> has potential as a biological control agent. However, most biocontrol studies have focused only on one strain, IBT 40837. In the current study, three <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates recovered from bean-field soils produced the trichothecene harzianum A (HA) and trichodermol, the latter being an intermediate in the HA biosynthesis. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three isolates were assigned to the species <italic>T. arundinaceum</italic>. Their genome sequences had a high degree of similarity to the reference IBT 40837 strain, in terms of total genome size, number of predicted genes, and diversity of putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. HA production by these bean-field isolates conferred significant <italic>in vitro</italic> antifungal activity against <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> and <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic>, which are some of the most important bean pathogens. Furthermore, the bean-field isolates stimulated germination of bean seeds and subsequent growth of above ground parts of the bean plant. Transcriptomic analysis of bean plants inoculated with these <italic>T. arundinaceum</italic> bean-field soil isolates indicated that HA production significantly affected expression of plant defense-related genes; this effect was particularly significant in the expression of chitinase-encoding genes. Together, these results indicate that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species producing non-phytotoxic trichothecenes can induce  defenses in plants without negatively affecting germination and development</p>