Junyang Lu
Fei Cheng
Yuan Huang
Zhilong Bie*
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Low temperature is a major environmental factor that severely impairs plant growth and productivity. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a chilling-sensitive crop. Grafting of watermelon onto pumpkin rootstock is an effective technique to increase the chilling tolerance of watermelon when exposure to short-time chilling stress. However, the mechanism by which pumpkin rootstock increases chilling tolerance remains poorly understood. Under 10°C/5°C (day/night) chilling stress treatment, pumpkin-grafted watermelon seedlings showed higher chilling tolerance than self-grafted watermelon plants with significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and chilling injury (CI) index. Physiological analysis revealed that pumpkin rootstock grafting led to the notable accumulation of putrescine in watermelon seedlings under chilling conditions. Pre-treat foliar with 1 mM D-arginine (inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, ADC) increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) of pumpkin-grafted watermelon leaves under chilling stress. This result can be ascribed to the decrease in transcript levels of ADC, ornithine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, and polyamine oxidase genes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of polyamines. Transcriptome analysis showed that pumpkin rootstock improved chilling tolerance in watermelon seedlings by regulating differential gene expression under chilling stress. Pumpkin-grafted seedling reduced the number and expression level of differential genes in watermelon scion under chilling stress. It specifically increased the up-regulated expression of ADC (Cla97C11G210580), a key gene in the polyamine metabolism pathway, and ultimately promoted the accumulation of putrescine. In conclusion, pumpkin rootstock grafting increased the chilling tolerance of watermelon through transcription adjustments, up regulating the expression level of ADC, and promoting the synthesis of putrescine, which ultimately improved the chilling tolerance of pumpkin-grafted watermelon plants.
Introduction
Low temperature is a key factor limiting not only plant growth and development but also crop quality and productivity (Thomashow, 1999; Zhu et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2018). Plants from tropical or subtropical regions are generally sensitive to chilling stress; symptoms of chilling stress include chilling injuries, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, cell membrane stiffness, ion imbalance, reduced ATP synthesis, chlorosis, growth retardation, and cell death (Ruelland and Zachowski, 2010; Seo et al., 2010; Theocharis et al., 2012). Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms, including physiological and biochemical modifications, to enhance chilling tolerance. Regulatory genes are involved in signal transduction and gene expression regulation, whereas functional genes serve as either direct or indirect players in chilling stress tolerance (Zhang Z. et al., 2017). Accumulation of polyamines by modulating metabolism-related genes is a useful strategy for plants to withstand low temperature-induced adverse damages, such as cell membrane permeability, osmotic potential increase, ROS accumulation and others (Alet et al., 2011; Kou et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019).
Polyamines are a group of small aliphatic amines that are ubiquitously distributed in all living organisms (Schweikert and Burritt, 2015; Chen et al., 2019) and involved in the regulation of plant growth and development (Shi and Chan, 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2019). Polyamines also improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, low or high temperature, nutrient deficiency, and heavy metal stress (Liu et al., 2009; Gong et al., 2015; Sengupta and Raychaudhuri, 2017; Kou et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2020), which are valuable for the stabilization of membranes and macromolecules, detoxification of ROS, and alleviation of oxidative stress (Shi and Chan, 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2019). Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are three major polyamines in plants. Plant polyamines are synthesized from arginine and ornithine with two major biosynthesis enzymes, arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), degraded by copper amine oxidase and polyamine oxidase (PAO) (Shi and Chan, 2014; Liu et al., 2015). Polyamines synthesis and metabolization-related genes and enzymes are responsive to abiotic stress, generally showing a trend of polyamine accumulation and playing an important role in abiotic tolerance (Shi and Chan, 2014; Liu et al., 2015). Arginine decarboxylase is a key rate-limiting member responsible for the stress-triggered accumulation of polyamines, particularly putrescine (Kou et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019). Putrescine accumulates in Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, cucumber, potato and soybean in response to low temperature stress (Shen et al., 2000; Alet et al., 2011; Song et al., 2014a,b; Tian et al., 2015; Kou et al., 2018), and external application of putrescine significantly improves chilling tolerance in zucchini and potato (Palma et al., 2016; Kou et al., 2018). However, the role of putrescine synthesis in the chilling response of watermelon is unknown. Whether grafting watermelon onto chilling-tolerant rootstock can regulate ADC gene expression to modulate putrescine biosynthesis in response to chilling stress remains to be investigated.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an important horticultural crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and cultivated worldwide. Grafting is widely used in horticulture production to enhance abiotic/biotic stress resistance, promote water and fertilizer absorption, increase yield, and improve fruit quality (Lee et al., 2010; Schwarz et al., 2010; Migicovsky et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2021). Our previous research indicated that arginine biosynthesis contributes to pumpkin rootstock-induced chilling tolerance (Shi et al., 2019). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pumpkin rootstock-mediated chilling tolerance for short-time exposure remain unclear to date. To address this question, we investigated the mechanism by which pumpkin rootstock increases chilling tolerance. We hypothesize that the pumpkin rootstock regulates scion chilling tolerance by increasing putrescine accumulation in watermelon seedlings. Our results suggest that putrescine biosynthesis is involved in the chilling tolerance regulation of grafted watermelon and provide a basis for further breeding chilling-tolerant rootstock.
Materials and Methods
Plant Materials and Chilling Stress Treatment
The experiment was carried out at Huazhong Agricultural University (Wuhan, China). Watermelon “97103” (Citrullus lanatus, a chilling-sensitive inbred line) was used as the scion, and pumpkin “Qingyan No.1” (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata, a chilling tolerant cultivar) was used as the rootstock. The watermelon seedlings were grafted by using the “hole insertion grafting” method (Lee et al., 2010). Two grafting combinations were used in this study, including self-grafted watermelon plants (Cl/Cl) and pumpkin rootstock-grafted watermelon plants (Cl/Cm). Grafted seedlings were grown in a growth chamber at 28°C/18°C (day/night), 12 h photoperiod, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1, and relative humidity (RH) of 50%–70%. At the four-leaf stage, the grafted plants were used for subsequent experiments.
Three chilling treatment experiments were performed in a growth chamber (Ningbo Saifu DGX-260) with a photoperiod of 12 h of light followed by 12 h of dark and a controlled PPFD of 300 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1. Firstly, to investigate the effects of pumpkin rootstock grafting on the chilling tolerance of watermelon seedlings, Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm seedlings were exposed to 28°C/18°C (day/night) and 10°C/5°C (day/night), respectively. At 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after the chilling treatment, the leaves were collected, instantly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then stored at −80°C for further analyses. Secondly, to investigate the effects of D-arginine (an ADC inhibitor) treatment on the chilling tolerance of pumpkin rootstock-grafted watermelon seedlings, the Cl/Cm seedlings were spray pretreated with 1 mM D-arginine or water (Wu et al., 2016), 12 h before exposure to chilling treatment for 3 d. The leaves were collected at the designated time points for the analysis. To further study the molecular mechanism of pumpkin rootstock grafting on chilling tolerance in watermelon seedlings, both Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm plants were exposed to 28°C/18°C (day/night) and 10°C/5°C (day/night), respectively. At 12 h after the chilling treatment, the third true leaves (picked at third node from seedling bottom) were collected for RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Each treatment consisted of three replicates with six seedlings in each replicate.
Physiological Measurements
The chilling injury index was measured as previously described (Yang et al., 2008). Briefly, the degrees of chilling damage were defined as 6 grades according to the symptom of leaf chlorosis or wilting. The chilling injury index (CI) of the Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm seedlings was calculated as follows: CI = Σ (each level × number of plants with the corresponding symptom)/total number of measured plants. The EL was measured as previously described (Cheng et al., 2016). Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content by thiobarbituric acid reaction method (Hodges et al., 1999). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using imaging PAM (MAXI, Heinz Walz, Germany), The intensities of the actinic light and saturating light settings were 280 and 4000 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1, respectively (Cheng et al., 2016).
Measurement of Free Polyamines Levels
Polyamines levels were measured as described previously (Gong et al., 2015). Briefly, approximately 0.1 g of fresh leaf tissue powder was extracted in 5% cold perchloric acid containing dithiothreitol (0.5 g⋅L–1) to extract free polyamines with 1,6-hexanediamine as an internal standard. The samples were placed on a shaker for 1 h at 4°C in the dark and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatants were taken for derivatization. Polyamines were separated with ethyl ether and centrifuged at 7100 g for 5 min. The upper phase was collected and vacuum dried in a concentrator (SCANVAC, Vassingerod, Denmark) and then separated and quantified at room temperature on an Agilent HPLC system (Santa Clara, CA, United States) equipped with a C18 reverse-phase column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, particle size of 5 μm) and an UV light detector (230 nm). The mobile phase consisted of HPLC-grade methanol (eluent A) and water (eluent B), and the elution procedure is listed in Table 1 at a flow rate of 1 mL⋅min–1. Identification and quantification of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in each sample were achieved by comparing each peak retention time and peak area with the standards, which were conducted in parallel to leaf samples (Supplementary Figure 1). Polyamine contents were calculated using standard curves with commercial standards and a correction for recovery after the extraction procedure.
Table 1. Elution procedure of polyamines separation in watermelon leaves.
RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from the fresh leaves by using Tranzol (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). The HiScript II One Step RT-PCR Kit (Vazyme Biotech, Beijing, China) was used to perform reverse transcription with 1 μg of RNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Gene-specific primers were designed using watermelon coding DNA sequences (v2) obtained from the Cucurbit Genomics Database1. Primers were designed using the GenScript bioinformatics tools online2. These primers were used for amplification (Supplementary Table 1). qRT-PCR was performed on an ABI 75000 Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machine (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, United States) with the following amplification program: 40 cycles of 94°C for 15 s, 60°C for 15 s, and 72°C for 15 s. The melting curve was recorded after 40 cycles to verify the primer specificity. The ClACT gene was used as an internal control of watermelon plants (Kong et al., 2014). The relative quantization of gene expression was calculated using the 2–ΔΔCT method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).
RNA-seq Library Preparation and Illumina Sequencing
Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol® reagent (Plant RNA Purification Reagent for plant tissue) according the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen) and genomic DNA was removed using DNase I (TaKara). Then, RNA quality was determined by 2100 Bioanalyser (Agilent) and quantified using ND-2000 (NanoDrop Technologies). Only high-quality RNA (OD260/280 = 1.8–2.2, OD260/230 ≥ 2.0, RIN ≥ 6.5, 28S:18S ≥ 1.0, > 1 μg) was used to construct the sequencing library (Supplementary Table 2). RNA-seq transcriptome library was prepared following the TruSeq™ RNA sample preparation kit from Illumina (SanDiego, CA) using 1 μg of total RNA. RNA-seq libraries were sequenced with the Illumina HiSeq™ xten/NovaSeq 6000 sequencer by Majorbio (Shanghai, China), and the genome reference was the watermelon (97103) v2 genome (see text footnote 1). The original data set was deposited into CNGB Sequence Archive (3 accession no. CNP0002368). Data were analyzed online4.
Statistical Analysis
The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design. The column diagram was made using OriginPro 7.5. The heatmap of correlation analysis was by TBtool (Chen et al., 2020). Statistical analysis of the bioassays was performed using the SAS statistical package. Differences among the treatment means were analyzed using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).
Results
Pumpkin Rootstock Grafting Enhances Chilling Tolerance of Watermelon
The chilling phenotype and injury symptoms were monitored within 1-week of chilling stress (Figure 1). The seedlings under chilling stress showed wilting and shrinking gradually. The chilling index (CI) continued to increase in Cl/Cl, and the Cl/Cm seedlings exhibited less severe wilting and shrinking than the Cl/Cl seedlings. After 7 days of treatment, the CI values of Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm were 4.2 and 1.2, respectively (Figure 1B). This phenotypic performance showed that Cl/Cm exhibited better chilling-stress tolerance than Cl/Cl. In addition, EL and MDA content were measured to investigate cell membrane integrity. The EL of the Cl/Cl seedlings increased to 61.3% after 7 days of chilling stress, which was 2.01 times higher than that of the control. The Cl/Cm seedlings under chilling stress exhibited less EL. The MDA contents of the Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm seedlings were significantly higher than those of their control seedlings, but pumpkin grafted alleviated the increase trend of MDA content. These results indicate that Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm watermelon seedlings respond to chilling stress differently, and rootstock grafting apparently enhances the chilling tolerance of watermelon.
Figure 1. Effects of pumpkin rootstock on the chilling tolerance of watermelon seedlings. (A) Representative images of chilling phenotypes. (B) Chilling injury index. (C) Electrolyte leakage. (D) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Values are means ± SE (n ≥ 4). Different letters indicate the significant differences among various treatments at the same time (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
Effects of Pumpkin Rootstock Grafting on Polyamine Metabolism in Response to Chilling Stress
We examined the free polyamine contents during chilling stress to determine the involvement of polyamines in the chilling stress response of watermelon (Figure 2). Results showed that the spermidine content in the leaves of grafted rootstock seedlings decreased, but putrescine and spermidine contents did not change significantly under the 28°C/18°C condition, which might be because grafting inhibited the metabolism of putrescine to spermidine. The putrescine content in the leaves of Cl/Cl seedlings slightly increased upon chilling stress, whereas that in the leaves of Cl/Cm seedlings significantly increased after 5 days of chilling stress (Figure 2A). Spermidine content showed a constant decline in the Cl/Cl seedlings within 7 days of chilling stress, whereas no significant changes in this content were observed in the chilling-stressed or non-stressed Cl/Cm seedlings (Figure 2B). Moreover, spermine content showed no definite change characteristics in the Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm seedlings under chilling stress (Figure 2C). These results suggest that putrescine may be involved in the chilling tolerance of watermelon induced by pumpkin rootstock grafting.
Figure 2. Effects of pumpkin rootstock on polyamine accumulation in watermelon leaves under chilling stress. (A) Content of putrescine. (B) Content of spermidine. (C) Content of spermine. Values are means ± SE (n = 4). Different letters indicate the significant differences among various treatments at the same time (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
Inhibition of Putrescine Synthesis Impairs Chilling Tolerance in Pumpkin Rootstock-Grafted Watermelon Seedlings
We investigated whether or not putrescine is implicated in the enhanced chilling tolerance of Cl/Cm seedlings. For this purpose, the Cl/Cm seedlings were pretreated with 1 mM D-arginine or water prior to chilling exposure. Results showed that the D-arginine-treated Cl/Cm seedlings did not change significantly under the 28°C/18°C condition. After the chilling treatment, the phenotype of the D-arginine-treated Cl/Cm seedlings showed severer damages than the control seedlings (Figure 3). The Fv/Fm of the D-arginine treated Cl/Cm seedlings significantly reduced compared with that of the control under chilling stress, although no obvious difference was observed under normal conditions. PS II condition and EL confirm the role of putrescine in pumpkin rootstock-induced chilling tolerance. These results suggest that plants pretreated with 1 mM D-arginine suffer more serious damage after chilling stress, implying that putrescine contributes to the enhanced chilling tolerance of Cl/Cm seedlings.
Figure 3. Effects of putrescine synthesis on pumpkin rootstock-induced chilling tolerance in watermelon seedlings. (A) Representative images of chilling phenotypes. (B) Images of the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm). (C) Fraction of Y(II), Y(NPQ) and Y(NO). (D) Electrolyte leakage. The color gradient of the images in Fv/Fm provided at the bottom of this figure B ranges from 0 (black) to 1.0 (purple). Values are means ± SE (n ≥ 4) and different letters on the histograms indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Cl/Cm seedlings were spray pretreated with 1 mM D-arginine or water (Wu et al., 2016), 12 h before exposure to chilling treatment for 3 days.
We measured the expression of the genes involved in polyamine synthesis and metabolism upon chilling treatment. The results indicated that the expression levels of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, Cla97C11G210580), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, Cla97C08G157510 and Cla97C11G207900), spermidine synthase (SPDS), and PAO (Cla97C09G166190) were up-regulated (Figure 4). Meanwhile, 1 mM D-arginine treatment inhibited the expression of ADC and ODC. In addition, putrescine content increased in parallel with ADC expression (Figures 2A, 4A). However, the expression of other genes and the contents of other polyamines showed either irregular patterns or no change. Taken together, the results suggest that the up-regulation of ADC expression and the increase in putrescine content participate in pumpkin-induced chilling tolerance.
Figure 4. Effects of inhibition of putrescine synthesis on the expression of key genes in polyamine synthesis and metabolism in Cl/Cm plants. (A) ADC, Cla97C11G210580. (B) ADC, Cla97C06G123500. (C) ODC, Cla97C08G157510. (D) SPDS, Cla97C11G207900. (E) SPDS, Cla97C05G086440. (F) SPDS, Cla97C08G152650. (G) SPDS, Cla97C01G000540. (H) SPDS, Cla97C05G107370. (I) PAO, Cla97C09G166190. Values are means ± SE (n = 3) and different letters on the histograms indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
Transcriptome Analysis Implies an Important Role of the Arginine Decarboxylase Gene in the Regulation of Pumpkin Rootstock-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Watermelon
A summary of RNA-Seq data is shown in Additional file: Supplementary Table 3. Results showed that the sequencing depth and quality were sufficient and reliable for the transcriptome coverage in watermelon. A high correlation was found between biological replicates (R2 > 0.99) for all treatments (Supplementary Figure 2), which indicated that the biological replicates showed high similarity and reliability in this study. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the transcriptomic data showed that the gene expression profiles of the three independent biological replicates clustered together while separated with different treatments, which indicated that the gene expression differences were significant between the cold-stressed and non-stressed plants (Figure 5A). The PCA indicated 78.39% of total variance for the data set (69.27% for PC1 and 9.12% for PC2). The first component (PC1) separates the control temperature and the chilling treatment, whereas the second component (PC2) separates the two grafted rootstock varieties. The results showed that were mainly separated by PC1, reaching 69.27% variance contribution. This result suggests that the gene expression of the watermelon leaves profoundly changed after the chilling stress.
Figure 5. Global transcriptome responses of grafted plants to chilling stress. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) showing the divergence of the respective transcriptomes in response to chilling stress. (B) Number of DEGs under different treatments. (C) Venn diagrams showing the overlap among DEGs in each treatment.
The transcriptome profiles were analyzed to identify the response of DEGs to chilling stress and pumpkin grafted. At control temperature, 124 (79 up- and 45 down- regulated) genes were differentially expressed in the Cl/Cm plants as compared with the Cl/Cl plants. After chilling treatment, a clear separation was observed from the control plants. Interestingly, Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm showed similar changes under chilling stress but became progressively divergent for gene expression alterations in Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm after 12 h of chilling stress when compared with their respective controls. A total of 5328 (3015 up- and 2313 down- regulated) and 4679 (2541 up- and 2138 down- regulated) chilling-responsive genes were identified in Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm, respectively (Figure 5B). Venn diagram showed that 1581 chilling-responsive genes (852 up- and 729 down- regulated) were exclusively identified in the Cl/Cl seedlings, whereas 931 chilling-responsive genes (375 up- and 556 down- regulated) were uniquely observed in Cl/Cm. In addition, 3747 genes (2161 up- and 1580 down- regulated, and 6 of them had opposite expression trends) were commonly regulated by chilling stress in the Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm seedlings (Figure 5C). To verify the RNA-seq-based gene expression levels, 16 DEGs with differential expression patterns were randomly selected from the Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm DEGs for qRT-PCR analysis. As expected, the expression of these genes verified by qRT-PCR showed the same expression patterns as those in DEG analysis (Supplementary Figure 3). These results indicate that the pumpkin-grafted seedlings show different responses to chilling stress.
The gene ontology (GO) term enrichment of the common and specific DEGs was analyzed to determine the similarities and differences in chilling-induced transcriptomes between Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm (Figure 6). A total of 6253 DEGs (3741 commonly regulated, 1581 in Cl/Cl and 931 in Cl/Cm uniquely regulated) between the control and chilling stress-treated Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm watermelon seedlings were categorized into 46 functional groups using GO classifications (Figure 6 and Supplementary Table 4). For the molecular function category, catalytic activity process and binding process response to stimulus were the main groups. For the cellular components category, cell part, membrane part, organelle part, and membrane were the main groups. In the biological process category, metabolic process, cellular process, and biological regulation were the main groups. For similarities, GO results were observed between Cl/Cm and Cl/Cl in either up-regulated or down-regulated DEGs, and Cl/Cm significantly reduced the number of DEGs in each biological pathway. These results indicate that the majority of DEGs responding to chilling stress are involved in the catalytic activity process, cell part and metabolic process. Thus, chilling stress treatment mainly affects physiological metabolism in grafted watermelon seedlings.
Figure 6. Gene ontology functional analysis of DEGs in Cl/Cl-LT and Cl/Cm-LT libraries. The x-axis indicates the percentage of up- or down- regulated genes in Cl/Cl or Cl/Cm libraries under chilling stress in each GO term. The y-axis shows the names of functional categories.
Biological pathway enrichment analysis was performed by identifying the metabolic pathways or signal transduction pathways that were significantly enriched in the DEGs to gain insights into the biological functions of the DEGs (Figures 7A,B). The genes with common differential expression were mainly enriched in photosynthesis-antenna proteins, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction, and most of the genes with significant enrichment were up-regulated. Plant hormone signal transduction and homologous recombination were the most common significantly enriched terms for uniquely regulated DEGs in Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm (Figure 7B). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the up-regulated DEGs in the Cl/Cl plants were highly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the main significantly enriched terms of the up-regulated DEGs in Cl/Cm were different from those in Cl/Cl. Arginine synthesis and arginine and proline metabolism were significantly enriched in pumpkin rootstock uniquely regulated DEGs. Combined with physiological results, the putrescine pathway may be involved in pumpkin rootstock grafting-induced chilling tolerance.
Figure 7. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs and expression of plant synthesis polyamine-related genes after in Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm plants. (A) Significantly enriched KEGG pathways of common up- and down- regulated genes in response to chilling stress. (B) Significantly enriched KEGG pathways of specific up- and down- regulated genes in self- and pumpkin-grafted watermelon in response to chilling stress. (C) Effects of chilling tolerance pumpkin grafting on synthesis polyamine genes. Dot color and size indicate the Q-value and gene number, respectively, as shown on the right of panels (A,B). Colors of the boxes represent up-regulated (red) and down-regulated (green) genes. The value is the log2 fold-change [log2(FC)] of each gene (Panel C).
Further analysis of polyamine metabolism pathway genes showed that the ADC, ODC, SPDS, PAO genes were up-regulated in response to chilling stress (Figure 7C). Moreover, ADC was further up-regulated. The results indicated that polyamine synthesis-related genes were involved in chilling stress response, and ADC (Cla97C11G210580) was the key gene up-regulated to promote putrescine accumulation in pumpkin-grafted seedlings.
Discussion
Chilling is a major environmental stress that has reduced agricultural production in the last few decades (Zhang J. et al., 2016). Watermelon seedling is sensitive to chilling stress for originated from Sudanese in the tropics (Renner et al., 2021). A short period of chilling stress can increase the CI value (Xu et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2019). Despite the widespread use of grafting in horticultural crops, the mechanism by which scion-rootstock interaction regulates plant tolerance to chilling stress needs further investigation. In the present study, the putrescine biosynthesis-associated gene ADC was significantly up-regulated in the Cl/Cm plants relative to the Cl/Cl plants under chilling stress. The data presented here also provide evidence that the pumpkin rootstock increases putrescine biosynthesis in scion leaves when exposed to chilling stress. Inhibiting putrescine accumulation in Cl/Cm plants under chilling stress decreases chilling tolerance of Cl/Cm. This result was confirmed by transcriptome data.
Transcriptional Regulation of Pumpkin Rootstock-Induced Watermelon Responses to Chilling Stress
The response to chilling stress in plants is a process by which plants adapt to the environment through gene transcriptional regulation. Previous studies showed that grafting onto pumpkin rootstock changes gene expression and protein accumulation mode, which are involved in multiple biological functions (Xu et al., 2016; Zhang Z. et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2019). The results of the present study suggest that pumpkin rootstock grafting attenuates the transcriptional response of watermelon to chilling stress (Figure 5B). A limited number of DEGs were detected in the pumpkin-grafted watermelon seedlings under normal growth conditions, suggesting that rootstock caused limited change in transcription levels. However, the number of DEGs increased dramatically in the presence of chilling stress, indicating the importance of transcriptional reprogramming in the enhanced chilling tolerance (Figure 5C). Concurrently, the number of up-regulated genes was significantly greater than the number of down-regulated genes, potentially because chilling stress activates the expression levels of genes to promote biological processes to improve chilling tolerance. Strikingly, the number of DEGs was smaller in the pumpkin-grafted plants, which agree with previous studies (Xin et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2016). Thus, pumpkin rootstock grafting reduced the sensitivity of watermelon seedlings to chilling stress and modified gene expression patterns at the transcriptome level response to chilling stress.
Putrescine Synthesis Participates in Chilling Tolerance Induced by Pumpkin Rootstock Grafting
Plants respond to low temperature by producing various secondary metabolites, among which polyamines play important roles in adapting to environment (Tsaniklidis et al., 2020). Polyamines and metabolism-related genes and enzymes in plants respond to abiotic stress through polyamine accumulation, which is an effective strategy to protect plants against abiotic stress (Shi and Chan, 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Kou et al., 2018; Shahid et al., 2018). Grafting can enhance biotic and abiotic tolerance by increasing the content of polyamines, which strengthens the antioxidative defense system and regulating the ROS homeostasis and stabilization of membranes (Zhang Z. et al., 2010; Duan et al., 2017; Shahid et al., 2018). Previous studies have found that polyamines, especially putrescine (Xu et al., 2011; Song et al., 2014b; Li M. et al., 2021), function to mitigate cold-induced oxidative damages in plants (Lee, 1997; Song et al., 2014a; Gu et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2020; Tsaniklidis et al., 2020). Putrescine biosynthesis and accumulation mitigate cold-induced oxidative stress by regulating antioxidant systems in plants (Song et al., 2014b; Ding et al., 2021). At present, few studies focused on the regulatory relationship between grafting and ADC genes. In the current study, our data demonstrated that pumpkin rootstock grafting played a positive role in putrescine synthesis and accumulation under chilling stress (Figure 2A), consistent with the up-regulated expression of the ADC gene (Figures 4, 7). Similarly, an increase in expression of the ADC gene and accumulation of putrescine under chilling stress have been reported in Brassica rapa (Yin et al., 2020). Moreover, a foliar spray D-arginine experiment further confirmed that putrescine under chilling stress in Cl/Cm inhibits ADC activity to modulate the metabolism of plants and the production of metabolites involved in stress tolerance (Song et al., 2014a,2021; Wu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2019).
Polyamine is a crucial factor in plant response to low temperature (Song et al., 2021). Changes in transcriptome-level changes in Cl/Cl and Cl/Cm leaves under chilling stress were determined to elucidate the mechanism behind pumpkin-induced chilling tolerance. As expected, uniquely regulated genes in the Cl/Cm plants, which were enriched in the putrescine-associated pathways (arginine synthesis, arginine and proline metabolism) (Figure 7), were consistent with the proteome study of grafted watermelon under chilling stress (Shi et al., 2019). The relative mRNA expression levels of ADC, ODC, and SPDS involved in putrescine biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated; the expression of ADC in Cl/Cm leaves was further up-regulated under chilling stress, which was the main reason for the increased putrescine accumulation in the leaves of Cl/Cm plants (Figure 7C). Putrescine signaling is involved in the pumpkin rootstock grafting-induced chilling tolerance and agrees with previous results (Shen et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2015; Kou et al., 2018; Li M. et al., 2021). In addition, the content of polyamines in plants can be used as an important index to measure their resistance to stress because polyamine-rich plants usually show high resistance to stress (Shi and Chan, 2014; Kou et al., 2018; Song et al., 2021). However, no noteworthy regularly were found in the spermine and spermidine contents. Similar results indicated that putrescine’s downstream product spermidine does not increase with putrescine content (Kou et al., 2018). Thus, the present study suggests that the specific increase in putrescine content may be closely related to the stress signal in response to chilling stress and may slow the damage and enhance the chilling tolerance in pumpkin-grafted seedlings.
Polyamines are polycations that covalently bind negatively charged macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as structural supports; regulate different cellular processes; and stabilize the plasma membrane of the cells to survive stress (Kasukabe et al., 2004; Igarashi, 2006; Chen et al., 2019). Increasing evidence supported that the accumulation of polyamines is related to high chilling resistance in various fruits and vegetables (Nair and Singh, 2004; Zhang X. et al., 2012). This study found that self-grafted seedlings with low putrescine contents develop CI symptoms. Meanwhile, grafting of pumpkin rootstock promotes the accumulation of putrescine, which might help maintain the normal function of membrane and reduce the CI value under chilling stress and enhance chilling tolerance (Figures 1, 2). This result is consistent with the result that putrescine participates in the regulation of chilling tolerance (Jiao et al., 2021). The reason for its enhancement of chilling tolerance might be that putrescine stabilizes cell components and might act as a signal that triggers the anti-oxidant system to reduce MDA accumulation and comprehensively enhance chilling tolerance (Igarashi, 2006; Ding et al., 2021). Thus, ADC-catalyzed putrescine synthesis may promote the chilling tolerance in pumpkin-grafted seedlings, and these results provide useful information for further research on the molecular mechanism by which ADC participates in chilling tolerance in grafting-induced chilling tolerance.
Pumpkin Rootstock Grafting Is an Effective Method to Increase the Chilling Tolerance of Watermelon
Grafting onto tolerance rootstock can enhance biotic and abiotic tolerance (Schwarz et al., 2010; Zhang Z. et al., 2010; Duan et al., 2017; Nawaz et al., 2017; Shahid et al., 2018; Shireen et al., 2020). Pumpkin is a widely used watermelon rootstock in enhancing crop stress resistance and improving crop quality (Xu et al., 2016; Nawaz et al., 2017, 2018; Shi et al., 2019). In the present study, we found that using pumpkin as rootstock can enhance the tolerance of watermelon scion under chilling stress, as evidenced by low CI value, EL and MDA content accumulation in Cl/Cm plants compared with the Cl/Cl plants under chilling stress (Figure 1). This result is consistent with those of previous studies (Liu et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2019; Li H. et al., 2021). Thus, pumpkin rootstock can increase the chilling tolerance of grafted plants (Xu et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2019; Li H. et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Transcriptomic and physiological analyses provided new insights into chilling tolerance in pumpkin-grafted watermelon seedlings, and a working model of the pumpkin-grafted regulatory network involved in watermelon seedlings was proposed (Figure 8). This model supports the concept that the pumpkin rootstock grafting-induced chilling tolerance of watermelon through transcription-associated alterations, especially up-regulating the expression level of ADC and promoting the synthesis of putrescine under chilling stress, mitigates cold-induced oxidative stress, and ultimately improves the chilling tolerance of pumpkin-grafted watermelon plants. This study provides primary analysis about the molecular mechanisms underlying grafted-mediated chilling tolerance. However, the factor responsible for the up-regulation of ADC in pumpkin-grafted seedlings to regulate polyamine level remains to be determined. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to provide genetic evidence of the involvement of putrescine in chilling tolerance. Other mechanisms underlying grafting-mediated chilling tolerance should also be explored to understand the relationship between grafting and chilling signaling.
Figure 8. Proposed model for putrescine involved in pumpkin grafted induced chilling tolerance in watermelon plants. Pumpkin rootstock grafting increased ADC expression and putrescine accumulation, decreased electrolyte leakage under chilling stress, thus increasing chilling tolerance. Red arrows represent pumpkin rootstock-increased chilling tolerance; Blue arrows represent watermelon rootstock-caused chilling sensitivity.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are publicly available. This data can be found here: https://db.cngb.org/search/project/CNP0002368/.
Author Contributions
JL, FC, YH, and ZB conceived and designed the experiments and revised the manuscript. JL performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. All of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFD1000300), Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2019CFA017), and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (Grant No. CARS-25).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.812396/full#supplementary-material
Footnotes
- ^ http://cucurbitgenomics.org/organism/21
- ^ https://www.genscript.com/tools.html
- ^ https://www.cngb.org/
- ^ http://vip.majorbio.com/
References
Alet, A. I., Sanchez, D. H., Cuevas, J. C., del Valle, S., Altabella, T., Tiburcio, A. F., et al. (2011). Putrescine accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines enhances tolerance to dehydration and freezing stress. Plant Signal. Behav. 6, 278–286. doi: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14702
Chen, C., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Thomas, H. R., Frank, M. H., He, Y., et al. (2020). TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 13, 1194–1202. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.06.009
Chen, D., Shao, Q., Yin, L., Younis, A., and Zheng, B. (2019). Polyamine function in plants: Metabolism, regulation on development, and roles in abiotic stress responses. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01945
Cheng, F., Lu, J., Gao, M., Shi, K., Kong, Q., Huang, Y., et al. (2016). Redox signaling and CBF-responsive pathway are involved in salicylic acid-improved photosynthesis and growth under chilling stress in watermelon. Front. Plant Sci. 7:1519. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01519
Ding, F., Wang, C., Xu, N., Wang, M., and Zhang, S. (2021). Jasmonic acid-regulated putrescine biosynthesis attenuates cold-induced oxidative stress in tomato plants. Sci. Hortic. 288:110373. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110373
Duan, X., Bi, H. G., Li, T., Wu, G. X., Li, Q. M., and Ai, X. Z. (2017). Root characteristics of grafted peppers and their resistance to Fusarium solani. Biol. Plant. 61, 579–586. doi: 10.1007/s10535-016-0677-4
Gao, C., Sheteiwy, M. S., Han, J., Dong, Z., Pan, R., Guan, Y., et al. (2020). Polyamine biosynthetic pathways and their relation with the cold tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Signal. Behav. 15:1807722. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1807722
Gong, X., Zhang, J., Hu, J., Wang, W., Wu, H., Zhang, Q., et al. (2015). FcWRKY70, a WRKY protein of Fortunella crassifolia, functions in drought tolerance and modulates putrescine synthesis by regulating arginine decarboxylase gene. Plant. Cell Environ. 38, 2248–2262. doi: 10.1111/pce.12539
Gu, X., Wei, B., Liao, Y., Wen, X., and Liu, Y. (2019). Spermidine promotes starch degradation to relieve the inhibitory effect of chilling on wheat seed germination. Acta Physiol. Plant. 41, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s11738-019-2821-1
Hodges, D. M., DeLong, J. M., Forney, C. F., and Prange, R. K. (1999). Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207, 604–611. doi: 10.1007/s004250050524
Igarashi, K. (2006). Physiological functions of polyamines and regulation of polyamine content in cells. Pharm. Soc. Japan 126, 455–471. doi: 10.1248/yakushi.126.455
Jiao, C., Lan, G., Sun, Y. Y., Wang, G., and Sun, Y. Y. (2021). Dopamine alleviates chilling stress in watermelon seedlings via modulation of proline content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and polyamine metabolism. J. Plant Growth Regul. 40, 277–292. doi: 10.1007/s00344-020-10096-2
Kasukabe, Y., He, L., Nada, K., Misawa, S., Ihara, I., and Tachibana, S. (2004). Overexpression of Spermidine synthase enhances tolerance to multiple environmental stresses and up-regulates the expression of various stress-regulated genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 45, 712–722. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pch083
Kong, Q., Yuan, J., Gao, L., Zhao, S., Jiang, W., Huang, Y., et al. (2014). Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression normalization in qRT-PCR analysis in watermelon. PLoS One 9:e90612. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090612
Kou, S., Chen, L., Tu, W., Scossa, F., Wang, Y., Liu, J., et al. (2018). The arginine decarboxylase gene ADC1, associated to the putrescine pathway, plays an important role in potato cold-acclimated freezing tolerance as revealed by transcriptome and metabolome analyses. Plant J. 96, 1283–1298. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14126
Lee, J. M., Kubota, C., Tsao, S. J., Bie, Z., Echevarria, P. H., Morra, L., et al. (2010). Current status of vegetable grafting: Diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Sci. Hortic. 127, 93–105. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.003
Lee, T. M. (1997). Polyamine regulation of growth and chilling tolerance of rice (Oryza satira L.) roots cultured in vitro. Plant Sci. 122, 111–117. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(96)04542-6
Li, H., Guo, Y., Lan, Z., Xu, K., Chang, J., Ahammed, G. J., et al. (2021). Methyl jasmonate mediates melatonin-induced cold tolerance of grafted watermelon plants. Hortic. Res. 8:57. doi: 10.1038/s41438-021-00496-0
Li, M., Wang, C., Shi, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., and Qi, H. (2021). Abscisic acid and putrescine synergistically regulate the cold tolerance of melon seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 166, 1054–1064. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.011
Liu, H., Zhu, Z., Lu, G., and Qian, Q. (2003). Chilling tolerance and physiological parameters as influenced by grafting in watermelon seedings. Agric. Sci. China 2, 1164–1169.
Liu, J. H., Ban, Y., Wen, X. P., Nakajima, I., and Moriguchi, T. (2009). Molecular cloning and expression analysis of an arginine decarboxylase gene from peach (Prunus persica). Gene 429, 10–17. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.003
Liu, J. H., Wang, W., Wu, H., Gong, X., and Moriguchi, T. (2015). Polyamines function in stress tolerance: From synthesis to regulation. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00827
Liu, J., Shi, Y., and Yang, S. (2018). Insights into the regulation of C-repeat binding factors in plant cold signaling. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 60, 780–795. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12657
Liu, W., Zhang, R., Xiang, C., Zhang, R., Wang, Q., Wang, T., et al. (2021). Transcriptomic and physiological analysis reveal that α-linolenic acid biosynthesis responds to early chilling tolerance in pumpkin rootstock varieties. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 1–17. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.669565
Livak, K. J., and Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2–ΔΔCT method. Methods 25, 402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Migicovsky, Z., Harris, Z. N., Klein, L. L., Li, M., McDermaid, A., Chitwood, D. H., et al. (2019). Rootstock effects on scion phenotypes in a ‘Chambourcin’ experimental vineyard. Hortic. Res. 6:64. doi: 10.1038/s41438-019-0146-2
Nair, S., and Singh, Z. (2004). Chilling injury in mango fruit in relation to biosynthesis of free polyamines. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 79, 515–522. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2004.11511798
Nawaz, M. A., Chen, C., Shireen, F., Zheng, Z., Jiao, Y., Sohail, H., et al. (2018). Improving vanadium stress tolerance of watermelon by grafting onto bottle gourd and pumpkin rootstock. Plant Growth Regul. 85, 41–56. doi: 10.1007/s10725-018-0372-x
Nawaz, M. A., Shireen, F., Huang, Y., Zhilong, B., Ahmed, W., and Saleem, B. A. (2017). Perspectives of vegetable grafting in Pakistan: Current status, challenges and opportunities. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 19, 1165–1174. doi: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0404
Palma, F., Carvajal, F., Jamilena, M., and Garrido, D. (2016). Putrescine treatment increases the antioxidant response and carbohydrate content in zucchini fruit stored at low temperature. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 118, 68–70. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.03.009
Renner, S. S., Wu, S., Pérez-Escobar, O. A., Silber, M. V., Fei, Z., and Chomicki, G. (2021). A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118:e2101486118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101486118
Ruelland, E., and Zachowski, A. (2010). How plants sense temperature. Environ. Exp. Bot. 69, 225–232. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.05.011
Schwarz, D., Rouphael, Y., Colla, G., and Venema, J. H. (2010). Grafting as a tool to improve tolerance of vegetables to abiotic stresses: Thermal stress, water stress and organic pollutants. Sci. Hortic. 127, 162–171. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.09.016
Schweikert, K., and Burritt, D. J. (2015). Polyamines in macroalgae: Advances and future perspectives. J. Phycol. 51, 838–849. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12325
Sengupta, M., and Raychaudhuri, S. (2017). Partial alleviation of oxidative stress induced by gamma irradiation in Vigna radiata by polyamine treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 93, 803–817. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1321807
Seo, P. J., Kim, M. J., Park, J. Y., Kim, S. Y., Jeon, J., Lee, Y. H., et al. (2010). Cold activation of a plasma membrane-tethered NAC transcription factor induces a pathogen resistance response in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 61, 661–671. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04091.x
Shahid, M. A., Balal, R. M., Khan, N., Rossi, L., Rathinasabapathi, B., Liu, G., et al. (2018). Polyamines provide new insights into the biochemical basis of Cr-tolerance in Kinnow mandarin grafted on diploid and double-diploid rootstocks. Environ. Exp. Bot. 156, 248–260. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.09.015
Shen, W., Nada, K., and Tachibana, S. (2000). Involvement of polyamines in the chilling tolerance of cucumber cultivars. Plant Physiol. 124, 431–439. doi: 10.1104/pp.124.1.431
Shi, H., and Chan, Z. (2014). Improvement of plant abiotic stress tolerance through modulation of the polyamine pathway. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 56, 114–121. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12128
Shi, X., Wang, X., Cheng, F., Cao, H., Liang, H., Lu, J., et al. (2019). iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of cold stress-induced mechanisms in grafted watermelon seedlings. J. Proteomics 192, 311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.012
Shireen, F., Nawaz, M. A., Xiong, M., Ahmad, A., Sohail, H., Chen, Z., et al. (2020). Pumpkin rootstock improves the growth and development of watermelon by enhancing uptake and transport of boron and regulating the gene expression. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 154, 204–218. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.003
Song, J., Wu, H., He, F., Qu, J., Wang, Y., Li, C., et al. (2021). Citrus sinensis CBF1 functions in cold tolerance by modulating putrescine biosynthesis through regulation of arginine decarboxylase. Plant Cell Physiol. 2021, 1–37. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcab135
Song, Y., Diao, Q., and Qi, H. (2014a). Polyamine metabolism and biosynthetic genes expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings during cold acclimation. Plant Growth Regul. 75, 21–32. doi: 10.1007/s10725-014-9928-6
Song, Y., Diao, Q., and Qi, H. (2014b). Putrescine enhances chilling tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) through modulating antioxidant systems. Acta Physiol. Plant. 36, 3013–3027. doi: 10.1007/s11738-014-1672-z
Theocharis, A., Clément, C., and Barka, E. A. (2012). Physiological and molecular changes in plants grown at low temperatures. Planta 235, 1091–1105. doi: 10.1007/s00425-012-1641-y
Thomashow, M. F. (1999). Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 571–599. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.571
Tian, X., Liu, Y., Huang, Z., Duan, H., Tong, J., He, X., et al. (2015). Comparative proteomic analysis of seedling leaves of cold-tolerant and -sensitive spring soybean cultivars. Mol. Biol. Rep. 42, 581–601. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3803-4
Tsaniklidis, G., Pappi, P., Tsafouros, A., Charova, S. N., Nikoloudakis, N., Roussos, P. A., et al. (2020). Polyamine homeostasis in tomato biotic/abiotic stress cross-tolerance. Gene 727:144230. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144230
Wang, Y., Wang, G., Zheng, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, S., Shao, J., et al. (2019). Polyamines are involved in chilling tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 89, 153–166. doi: 10.1007/s10725-019-00521-2
Wu, H., Fu, B., Sun, P., Xiao, C., and Liu, J. H. (2016). A NAC transcription factor represses putrescine biosynthesis and affects drought tolerance. Plant Physiol. 172, 1532–1547. doi: 10.1104/pp.16.01096
Xin, H., Zhu, W., Wang, L., Xiang, Y., Fang, L., Li, J., et al. (2013). Genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera in response to cold stress. PLoS One 8:e58740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058740
Xu, J., Zhang, M., Liu, G., Yang, X., and Hou, X. (2016). Comparative transcriptome profiling of chilling stress responsiveness in grafted watermelon seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 109, 561–570. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.002
Xu, S., Hu, J., Li, Y., Ma, W., Zheng, Y., and Zhu, S. (2011). Chilling tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum induced by seed priming with putrescine. Plant Growth Regul. 63, 279–290. doi: 10.1007/s10725-010-9528-z
Yang, J., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Qi, X., and Zhang, M. (2008). Salicylic acid-induced enhancement of cold tolerance through activation of antioxidative capacity in watermelon. Sci. Hortic. 118, 200–205. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2008.06.015
Yin, X., Yang, Y., Lv, Y., Li, Y., Yang, D., Yue, Y., et al. (2020). BrrICE1.1 is associated with putrescine synthesis through regulation of the arginine decarboxylase gene in freezing tolerance of turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa). BMC Plant Biol. 20:504. doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02697-6
Zhang, J., Luo, W., Zhao, Y., Xu, Y., Song, S., and Chong, K. (2016). Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals a reactive oxygen species-dominated dynamic model underlying chilling environment adaptation and tolerance in rice. New Phytol. 211, 1295–1310. doi: 10.1111/nph.14011
Zhang, X., Sheng, J., Li, F., Meng, D., and Shen, L. (2012). Methyl jasmonate alters arginine catabolism and improves postharvest chilling tolerance in cherry tomato fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 64, 160–167. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.07.006
Zhang, Z., Li, J., Li, F., Liu, H., Yang, W., Chong, K., et al. (2017). OsMAPK3 phosphorylates OsbHLH002/OsICE1 and inhibits its ubiquitination to activate OsTPP1 and enhances rice chilling tolerance. Dev. Cell 43, 731–743. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.016
Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Qin, H. S., and Hui, L. S. (2010). Grafting increases the copper tolerance of cucumber seedlings by improvement of polyamine contents and enhancement of antioxidant enzymes activity. Agric. Sci. China 9, 985–994. doi: 10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60181-4
Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., Ham, B. K., Chen, J., Yoshida, A., Kochian, L. V., et al. (2016). Vascular-mediated signalling involved in early phosphate stress response in plants. Nat. Plants 2, 1–9. doi: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.33
Keywords: watermelon, pumpkin rootstock, grafting, transcriptome, putrescine, chilling tolerance
Citation: Lu J, Cheng F, Huang Y and Bie Z (2022) Grafting Watermelon Onto Pumpkin Increases Chilling Tolerance by Up Regulating Arginine Decarboxylase to Increase Putrescine Biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 12:812396. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.812396
Received: 10 November 2021; Accepted: 23 December 2021;
Published: 15 February 2022.
Edited by:
Francisco Perez-Alfocea, Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), SpainReviewed by:
Morteza Soleimani Aghdam, Imam Khomeini International University, IranSheng Shu, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
Angeles Calatayud, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
Copyright © 2022 Lu, Cheng, Huang and Bie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zhilong Bie, YmllemxAbWFpbC5oemF1LmVkdS5jbg==