AUTHOR=Li Shaofeng , Wang Lin , Zhang Yaoxiang , Zhu Gaopu , Zhu Xuchun , Xia Yongxiu , Li Jianbo , Gao Xu , Wang Shaoli , Zhang Jianhui , Wuyun Ta-na , Mo Wenjuan 

TITLE=Genome-Wide Identification and Function of Aquaporin Genes During Dormancy and Sprouting Periods of Kernel-Using Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.690040

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2021.690040

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential channel proteins that play a major role in plant growth and development, regulate plant water homeostasis, and transport uncharged solutes across biological membranes. In this study, 33 <italic>AQP</italic> genes were systematically identified from the kernel-using apricot (<italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic> L.) genome and divided into five subfamilies based on phylogenetic analyses. A total of 14 collinear blocks containing <italic>AQP</italic> genes between <italic>P. armeniaca</italic> and <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> were identified by synteny analysis, and 30 collinear blocks were identified between <italic>P. armeniaca</italic> and <italic>P. persica.</italic> Gene structure and conserved functional motif analyses indicated that the <italic>PaAQPs</italic> exhibit a conserved exon-intron pattern and that conserved motifs are present within members of each subfamily. Physiological mechanism prediction based on the aromatic/arginine selectivity filter, Froger’s positions, and three-dimensional (3D) protein model construction revealed marked differences in substrate specificity between the members of the five subfamilies of <italic>PaAQPs</italic>. Promoter analysis of the <italic>PaAQP</italic> genes for conserved regulatory elements suggested a greater abundance of cis-elements involved in light, hormone, and stress responses, which may reflect the differences in expression patterns of <italic>PaAQPs</italic> and their various functions associated with plant development and abiotic stress responses. Gene expression patterns of <italic>PaAQP</italic>s showed that <italic>PaPIP1-3</italic>, <italic>PaPIP2-1</italic>, and <italic>PaTIP1-1</italic> were highly expressed in flower buds during the dormancy and sprouting stages of <italic>P. armeniaca.</italic> A <italic>PaAQP</italic> coexpression network showed that <italic>PaAQPs</italic> were coexpressed with 14 cold resistance genes and with 16 cold stress-associated genes. The expression pattern of 70% of the <italic>PaAQPs</italic> coexpressed with cold stress resistance genes was consistent with the four periods [Physiological dormancy (PD), ecological dormancy (ED), sprouting period (SP), and germination stage (GS)] of flower buds of <italic>P. armeniaca</italic>. Detection of the transient expression of <italic>GFP</italic>-tagged PaPIP1-1, PaPIP2-3, PaSIP1-3, PaXIP1-2, PaNIP6-1, and PaTIP1-1 revealed that the fusion proteins localized to the plasma membrane. Predictions of an <italic>A. thaliana</italic> ortholog-based protein–protein interaction network indicated that PaAQP proteins had complex relationships with the cold tolerance pathway, PaNIP6-1 could interact with WRKY6, PaTIP1-1 could interact with TSPO, and PaPIP2-1 could interact with ATHATPLC1G. Interestingly, overexpression of <italic>PaPIP1-3</italic> and <italic>PaTIP1-1</italic> increased the cold tolerance of and protein accumulation in yeast. Compared with wild-type plants, <italic>PaPIP1-3-</italic> and <italic>PaTIP1-1</italic>-overexpressing (OE) <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> plants exhibited greater tolerance to cold stress, as evidenced by better growth and greater antioxidative enzyme activities. Overall, our study provides insights into the interaction networks, expression patterns, and functional analysis of <italic>PaAQP</italic> genes in <italic>P. armeniaca</italic> L. and contributes to the further functional characterization of <italic>PaAQPs</italic>.</p>