AUTHOR=Ferreira Carlos M. H. , López-Rayo Sandra , Lucena Juan J. , Soares Eduardo V. , Soares Helena M. V. M.  

TITLE=Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two New Biotechnological-Based Freeze-Dried Fertilizers for Sustainable Fe Deficiency Correction of Soybean Plants Grown in Calcareous Soils

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01335

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2019.01335

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Currently, fertilization with synthetic chelates is the most effective agricultural practice to prevent iron (Fe) deficiencies in crops, especially in calcareous soils. Because these compounds are not biodegradable, they are persistent in the environment, and so, there is the risk of metal leaching from the soils. Thus, new, more environment-friendly efficient solutions are needed to solve iron-deficiency-induced chlorosis (IDIC) in crops grown in calcareous soils. Therefore, the central aim of this work was to prepare new freeze-dried Fe products, using a biotechnological-based process, from two siderophores bacterial (<italic>Azotobacter vinelandii</italic> and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>) cultures (which previously evidenced high Fe complexation ability at pH 9) and test their capacity for amending IDIC of soybean grown in calcareous soils. Results have shown that <italic>A. vinelandii</italic> iron fertilizer was more stable and interacted less with calcareous soils and its components than <italic>B. subtilis</italic> one. This behavior was noticeable in pot experiments where chlorotic soybean plants were treated with both fertilizer products. Plants treated with <italic>A. vinelandii</italic> fertilizer responded more significantly than those treated with <italic>B. subtilis</italic> one, when evaluated by their growth (20% more dry mass than negative control) and chlorophyll development (30% higher chlorophyll index than negative control) and in most parameters similar to the positive control, ethylenediamine-di(<italic>o</italic>-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). On average, Fe content was also higher in <italic>A. vinelandii</italic>-treated plants than on <italic>B. subtilis</italic>-treated ones. Results suggest that this new siderophore-based formulation product, prepared from <italic>A. vinelandii</italic> culture, can be regarded as a possible viable alternative for replacing the current nongreen Fe-chelating fertilizers and may envisage a sustainable and environment-friendly mending IDIC of soybean plants grown in calcareous soils.</p>