AUTHOR=Chen Lina , Zhang Jie , Li Haoxian , Niu Juan , Xue Hui , Liu Beibei , Wang Qi , Luo Xiang , Zhang Fuhong , Zhao Diguang , Cao Shangyin 

TITLE=Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Female Sterility in Pomegranate Flowers

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01430

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2017.01430

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Pomegranate has two types of flowers on the same plant: functional male flowers (FMF) and bisexual flowers (BF). BF are female-fertile flowers that can set fruits. FMF are female-sterile flowers that fail to set fruit and that eventually drop. The putative cause of pomegranate FMF female sterility is abnormal ovule development. However, the key stage at which the FMF pomegranate ovules become abnormal and the mechanism of regulation of pomegranate female sterility remain unknown. Here, we studied ovule development in FMF and BF, using scanning electron microscopy to explore the key stage at which ovule development was terminated and then analyzed genes differentially expressed (differentially expressed genes – DEGs) between FMF and BF to investigate the mechanism responsible for pomegranate female sterility. Ovule development in FMF ceased following the formation of the inner integument primordium. The key stage for the termination of FMF ovule development was when the bud vertical diameter was 5.0–13.0 mm. Candidate genes influencing ovule development may be crucial factors in pomegranate female sterility. <italic>INNER OUTER</italic> (<italic>INO/YABBY4</italic>) (<italic>Gglean016270</italic>) and <italic>AINTEGUMENTA (ANT)</italic> homolog genes (<italic>Gglean003340</italic> and <italic>Gglean011480</italic>), which regulate the development of the integument, showed down-regulation in FMF at the key stage of ovule development cessation (ATNSII). Their upstream regulator genes, such as <italic>AGAMOUS-like (AG-like)</italic> (<italic>Gglean028014, Gglean026618</italic>, and <italic>Gglean028632</italic>) and <italic>SPOROCYTELESS (SPL)</italic> homolog genes (<italic>Gglean005812</italic>), also showed differential expression pattern between BF and FMF at this key stage. The differential expression of the ethylene response signal genes, <italic>ETR</italic> (<italic>ethylene-resistant</italic>) (<italic>Gglean022853</italic>) and <italic>ERF1/2</italic> (<italic>ethylene-responsive factor</italic>) (<italic>Gglean022880</italic>), between FMF and BF indicated that ethylene signaling may also be an important factor in the development of pomegranate female sterility. The increase in BF observed after spraying with ethephon supported this interpretation. Results from qRT-PCR confirmed the findings of the transcriptomic analysis.</p>